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Biomedicines Feb 2021Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a non-melanoma skin cancer, is a keratinocyte carcinoma representing one of the most common cancers with an increasing... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a non-melanoma skin cancer, is a keratinocyte carcinoma representing one of the most common cancers with an increasing incidence. cSCC could be in situ (e.g., Bowen's disease) or an invasive form. A significant cSCC risk factor is advanced age, together with cumulative sun exposure, fair skin, prolonged immunosuppression, and previous skin cancer diagnoses. Although most cSCCs can be treated by surgery, a fraction of them recur and metastasize, leading to death. cSCC could arise de novo or be the result of a progression of the actinic keratosis, an in situ carcinoma. The multistage process of cSCC development and progression is characterized by mutations in the genes involved in epidermal homeostasis and by several alterations, such as epigenetic modifications, viral infections, or microenvironmental changes. Thus, cSCC development is a gradual process with several histological- and pathological-defined stages. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of cSCC. Surgical excision is the first-line treatment for invasive cSCC. Moreover, radiotherapy may be considered as a primary treatment in patients not candidates for surgery. Extensive studies of cSCC pathogenic mechanisms identified several pharmaceutical targets and allowed the development of new systemic therapies, including immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as Cemiplimab, and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors for metastatic and locally advanced cSCC. Furthermore, the implementation of prevention measures has been useful in patient management.
PubMed: 33572373
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020171 -
The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic... Feb 2018Within the field of dermatology, advances in the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) have led to their clinical application for a variety of medical and cosmetic uses.... (Review)
Review
Within the field of dermatology, advances in the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) have led to their clinical application for a variety of medical and cosmetic uses. Of note, one phototherapy device has demonstrated beneficial effects over a range of clinical applications (Omnilux™; GlobalMed Technologies, Glen Ellen, California). The study included a literature review of published studies. Using LEDs with frequencies of 415nm (blue), 633nm (red), and 830nm (infrared), this device has demonstrated significant results for the treatment of medical conditions, including mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris, wound healing, psoriasis, squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease), basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, and cosmetic applications. Although photodynamic therapy with the photosensitizer 5-aminolevulinic acid might cause stinging and burning, phototherapy is free of adverse events. We determined that phototherapy using LEDs is beneficial for a range of medical and aesthetic conditions encountered in the dermatology practice. This treatment displays an excellent safety profile.
PubMed: 29552272
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Dermatology Online Journal 2022Bowen's disease (BD) is an in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of epidermis. The etiology of BD is multifactorial with high incidence among Caucasians. BD is common in... (Review)
Review
Bowen's disease (BD) is an in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of epidermis. The etiology of BD is multifactorial with high incidence among Caucasians. BD is common in photo-exposed areas of skin, but other sites can also be involved. Lesions are usually solitary. The morphology of BD differs based on age of the lesion, site of origin, and the degree of keratinization. BD is considered as the "lull before the storm," which precedes an overt squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology is the gold standard diagnostic modality to confirm the diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry, dermoscopy, and reflectance confocal microscopy are the adjuvant modalities used in the diagnosis of BD. The treatment depends on various factors like site, size, immune status, patient's age, esthetic outcome, etc. The available therapeutic modalities include topical chemotherapy, surgical modalities, light-based modalities, and destructive therapies. It requires a combined effort of dermatologist, oncosurgeon, and plastic surgeon to plan and execute the management in various presentations of BD.
PubMed: 35287414
DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_257_21 -
Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted... 2019The spectrum of conditions affecting the penile skin is varied and ranges from simple, benign dermatoses to premalignant and malignant conditions. Anogenital... (Review)
Review
The spectrum of conditions affecting the penile skin is varied and ranges from simple, benign dermatoses to premalignant and malignant conditions. Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies are an important personal/public health problem due to their effects on individuals' physical, mental, and sexual health. Furthermore, due to their etiological association with human papillomavirus infection, anogenital malignancies, and premalignancies constitute an immense public health burden. Bowen's disease, Bowenoid papulosis, and erythroplasia of Queyrat are the most widely seen premalignancies of anogenital region and are all forms of squamous intraepithelial neoplasia. Histopathologically, these conditions share identical histologic features of squamous cell carcinoma , but their clinical features differ. In this article, we explore the common precancerous states that can lead to penile carcinoma.
PubMed: 31922098
DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.IJSTD_106_17 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas 2017Certain clinically and histologically recognizable skin lesions with a degree of risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma have been traditionally grouped as... (Review)
Review
Certain clinically and histologically recognizable skin lesions with a degree of risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma have been traditionally grouped as precancerous skin conditions but now tend to be classified as in situ carcinomas. This consensus statement discusses various aspects of these lesions: their evaluation by means of clinical and histopathologic features, the initial evaluation of the patient, the identification of risk factors for progression, and the diagnostic and treatment strategies available today.
Topics: Biopsy; Bowen's Disease; Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Combined Modality Therapy; Dermatologic Agents; Dermoscopy; Disease Progression; Hematoporphyrin Photoradiation; Humans; Keratosis, Actinic; Microscopy, Confocal; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Photosensitizing Agents; Precancerous Conditions; Risk Factors; Skin Diseases; Skin Neoplasms; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 27658688
DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2016.07.016 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2022Porokeratosis is a keratinization disorder with unclear etiopathogenesis, varied clinical presentation and characteristic histopathology, and is usually unresponsive to... (Review)
Review
Porokeratosis is a keratinization disorder with unclear etiopathogenesis, varied clinical presentation and characteristic histopathology, and is usually unresponsive to current therapeutic options. Until now, it was considered to be a clonal disorder with immunity, ultra violet radiation and other factors playing important roles in etiopathogenesis. It is now known that abnormalities in the mevalonate pathway are responsible for this clonal keratinization abnormality. New variants of porokeratosis like eruptive bullous, pruriginous, lichen planus like, follicular variants and porokeratoma have been described. While the cornoid lamella is the classical histopathologic feature, dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy make the diagnosis clearer. Development of malignancy in a few variants is a concern. Linear, disseminated superficial actinic and giant lesions are most prone to developing malignancies. Bowen's disease, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and even melanoma have been reported in cases of long-standing porokeratosis. Newer modalities of therapy such as photodynamic therapy, ingenol mebutate and HMGCoA inhibitors may play a role in the future.
Topics: Bowen's Disease; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Porokeratosis; Skin Neoplasms; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 34877845
DOI: 10.25259/IJDVL_806_20 -
Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical... Nov 2022The study aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge about Bowen's disease among dental students. Bowen disease is an infrequent skin disorder and is also referred to...
The study aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge about Bowen's disease among dental students. Bowen disease is an infrequent skin disorder and is also referred to as squamous cell carcinoma . It is a noninvasive form of intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma with flat or slightly raised lesions. An online survey was conducted among 300 dental students between the age group of 18-30 years in the Chennai district based on Bowen's disease. This is the best approach to data collection due to the large population of the city of Chennai and is also appropriate in the current situation where people need to avoid gatherings and close contact. About 78.21% were BDS students and 21.79% were MDS students. In the age group of 10-20 years, 8.97% responded heard about Bowen disease and 3.85% responded not heard. Within the 21-30 years age group, 44.02% responded that Bowen disease is invasive and 20.09% responded noninvasive. Studies showed that the exact occurrence of Bowen's disease is not known. It is found to be more common in men than in women. To conclude, about 65% of participants were aware of Bowen's disease. Nevertheless, patients with Bowen's disease seem to be at an abnormal risk of internal malignancies, and they need to be educated about the various treatments available to prevent the cause as soon as possible.
PubMed: 36643164
DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_420_22 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2019Arsenic, a metal ubiquitously distributed in the environment, remains an important global health threat. Drinking arsenic-contaminated water is the major route of human... (Review)
Review
Arsenic, a metal ubiquitously distributed in the environment, remains an important global health threat. Drinking arsenic-contaminated water is the major route of human exposure. Exposure to arsenic contributes to several malignancies, in the integumentary, respiratory, hepatobiliary, and urinary systems. Cutaneous lesions are important manifestations after long-term arsenic exposure. Arsenical skin cancers usually herald the development of other internal cancers, making the arsenic-induced skin carcinogenesis a good model to investigate the progression of chemical carcinogenesis. In fact, only a portion of arsenic-exposed humans eventually develop malignancies, likely attributed to the arsenic-impaired immunity in susceptible individuals. Currently, the exact pathophysiology of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis remains elusive, although increased reactive oxidative species, aberrant immune regulations, and chromosome abnormalities with uncontrolled cell growth might be involved. This review discusses how arsenic induces carcinogenesis, and how the dysregulated innate and adaptive immunities in systemic circulation and in the target organs contribute to arsenic carcinogenesis. These findings offer evidence for illustrating the mechanism of arsenic-related immune dysregulation in the progression of carcinogenesis, and this may help explain the nature of multiple and recurrent clinical lesions in arsenic-induced skin cancers.
Topics: Arsenic; Bowen's Disease; Carcinogenesis; Chromosome Aberrations; Humans; Skin Diseases; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 31374811
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152746