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Indian Journal of Dermatology,...Pustular psoriasis is a distinct subset of psoriasis that presents with involvement of the skin in the form of sterile pustules along with systemic manifestations.... (Review)
Review
Pustular psoriasis is a distinct subset of psoriasis that presents with involvement of the skin in the form of sterile pustules along with systemic manifestations. Though it has been conventionally grouped under the umbrella of psoriasis, recent research has shed light on its pathogenetic mechanisms associated with the IL-36 pathway, which is distinct from conventional psoriasis. Pustular psoriasis in itself is a heterogeneous entity consisting of various subtypes, including generalised, localised, acute, and chronic forms. There is confusion regarding its current classification as entities like deficiency of IL-36 antagonist (DITRA) which are closely related to pustular psoriasis both in their pathogenetic mechanism and its clinical manifestations, are not included under pustular psoriasis. Entities like palmoplantar pustulosis, which presents with similar clinical features but is pathogenetically distinct from other forms of pustular psoriasis, are included under this condition. Management of pustular psoriasis depends upon its severity; while some of the localised variants can be managed with topical therapy alone, the generalised variants like Von Zumbusch disease and impetigo herpetiformis may need intensive care unit admission and tailor-made treatment protocols. The advent of newer biologics and better insight into the pathogenesis of pustular psoriasis has opened the way for newer therapies, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, interleukin-1 inhibitors, interleukin-17 inhibitors, and granulocyte monocyte apheresis. It continues to be an enigma whether pustular psoriasis is actually a variant of psoriasis or an entirely different disease entity, though we feel that it is an entirely different disease process.
Topics: Humans; Psoriasis; Skin; Interleukins; Biological Products
PubMed: 37317717
DOI: 10.25259/IJDVL_542_2022 -
British Medical Journal Jul 1971
Review
Topics: Acrodermatitis; Arthritis, Infectious; Arthritis, Reactive; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Emotions; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Infant, Newborn; Light; Male; Pregnancy; Psoriasis; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 4934376
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5768.231 -
Biomolecules May 2022The human (h) transporter hZIP4 is the primary Zn importer in the intestine. hZIP4 is also expressed in a variety of organs such as the pancreas and brain. Dysfunction...
The human (h) transporter hZIP4 is the primary Zn importer in the intestine. hZIP4 is also expressed in a variety of organs such as the pancreas and brain. Dysfunction of hZIP4 can result in the Zn deficiency disease acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE). AE can disrupt digestive and immune system homeostasis. A limited number of hZIP4 expression strategies have hindered increasing knowledge about this essential transmembrane protein. Here, we report the heterologous expression of hZIP4 in . Both a wild-type and a mutant strain, in which the endogenous Zn transporters were deleted, were used to test the expression and localization of an hZIP4-GFP fusion protein. A full-length hZIP4-GFP and a truncated membrane-domain-only (mhZIP4-GFP) protein were observed to be present in the plasma membrane in yeast.
Topics: Acrodermatitis; Carrier Proteins; Cation Transport Proteins; Humans; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Zinc
PubMed: 35625653
DOI: 10.3390/biom12050726 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Jan 2009Lyme disease is the most frequent tick-borne infectious disease in Europe. The discovery of the causative pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi in 1982 opened the way for the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Lyme disease is the most frequent tick-borne infectious disease in Europe. The discovery of the causative pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi in 1982 opened the way for the firm diagnosis of diseases in several clinical disciplines and for causal antibiotic therapy. At the same time, speculation regarding links between Borrelia infection and a variety of nonspecific symptoms and disorders resulted in overdiagnosis and overtreatment of suspected Lyme disease.
METHOD
The authors conducted a selective review of the literature, including various national and international guidelines.
RESULTS
The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is present in approximately 5% to 35% of sheep ticks (Ixodes ricinus) in Germany, depending on the region. In contrast to North America, different genospecies are found in Europe. The most frequent clinical manifestation of Borrelia infection is erythema migrans, followed by neuroborreliosis, arthritis, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and lymphocytosis benigna cutis. Diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical symptoms, and in stages II and III by detection of Borrelia-specific antibodies. In adults erythema migrans is treated with doxycycline, in children with amoxicillin. The standard treatment of neuroborreliosis is third-generation cephalosporins.
CONCLUSIONS
After appropriate antibiotic therapy, the outcome is favorable. In approximately 95% of cases neuroborreliosis is cured without long-term sequelae. When chronic borreliosis is suspected, other potential causes of the clinical syndrome must be painstakingly excluded.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Evidence-Based Medicine; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Lyme Disease
PubMed: 19562015
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0072 -
Folia Parasitologica Nov 2005Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a serious infectious disease of humans and some domestic animals in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is caused by certain... (Review)
Review
Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a serious infectious disease of humans and some domestic animals in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is caused by certain spirochetes in the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species complex. The complex consists of 11 species (genospecies). Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii are the major agents of human disease. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. species are transmitted mainly by ticks belonging to the Ixodes ricinus species complex plus a few additional species not currently assigned to the complex. B. burgdorferi infections may produce an acute or chronic disease with a wide array of clinical symptoms such as erythema migrans (EM), carditis, arthritis, neuroborreliosis, and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA). Differences in LB spirochetes 'genospecies' and strains/isolates determine the occurrence and severity of this multi-system disease. Accurate and reliable identification of the LB spirochetes in ticks as well as knowledge of their prevalence are essential for prevention against the disease and development of an effective vaccine. An overview of the knowledge of molecular factors with emphasis on potential protein-carbohydrate interactions in the tick-borrelia system is the main focus of this review.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Arachnid Vectors; Borrelia burgdorferi Group; Glycoconjugates; Hemocytes; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Ixodes; Lectins; Lyme Disease
PubMed: 16405291
DOI: 10.14411/fp.2005.039 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology May 2013Lyme disease is a multisystem illness which is caused by the strains of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmitted by the tick, Ixodes. Though very...
Lyme disease is a multisystem illness which is caused by the strains of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmitted by the tick, Ixodes. Though very commonly reported from the temperate regions of the world, the incidence has increased worldwide due to increasing travel and changing habitats of the vector. Few cases have been reported from the Indian subcontinent too. Skin manifestations are the earliest to occur, and diagnosing these lesions followed by appropriate treatment, can prevent complications of the disease, which are mainly neurological. The three main dermatological manifestations are erythema chronicum migrans, borrelial lymphocytoma and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Many other dermatological conditions including morphea, lichen sclerosus and lately B cell lymphoma, have been attributed to the disease. Immunofluorescence and polymerase reaction tests have been developed to overcome the problems for diagnosis. Culture methods are also used for diagnosis. Treatment with Doxycycline is the mainstay of management, though prevention is of utmost importance. Vaccines against the condition are still not very successful. Hence, the importance of recognising the cutaneous manifestations early, to prevent systemic complications which can occur if left untreated, can be understood. This review highlights the cutaneous manifestations of Lyme borreliosis and its management.
PubMed: 23723463
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.110822 -
BMJ Case Reports Apr 2021Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (GCS) is a self-limited condition, mainly affecting children younger than 6 years, less common in adolescents and adults. It consists of a viral...
Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (GCS) is a self-limited condition, mainly affecting children younger than 6 years, less common in adolescents and adults. It consists of a viral exanthema with papular lesions with a flat top and symmetrical distribution, affecting predominantly extremities, gluteal region and extensor surfaces. It is often associated with viral infections but can also be related to bacterial infections, vaccination or be idiopathic. In this report, we present a case of GCS in a 13-year-old healthy female adolescent who presented with fever, odynophagia, prostration and diffuse maculopapular rash. The diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis due to infection by the Epstein-Barr virus was established. On the second week of the disease, a clinical recrudescence occurred, with worsening of the fever and modification of the exanthema characteristics. GCS is often an underdiagnosed entity. The differential diagnosis of viral exanthema can prove to be challenging and clinical suspicion is essential to achieve the diagnosis.
Topics: Acrodermatitis; Adolescent; Child; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Exanthema; Female; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Infectious Mononucleosis
PubMed: 33795277
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240747 -
Journal of Medical Genetics Apr 1986Several mutations affecting the transport of copper and zinc in humans and in mice have been discovered over the last 15 years, joining the long known disturbance of... (Review)
Review
Several mutations affecting the transport of copper and zinc in humans and in mice have been discovered over the last 15 years, joining the long known disturbance of copper transport in Wilson's disease. Menkes' disease (classical and mild variant forms) and X linked Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type IX, X linked cutis laxa) have features in common with one another and with the brindled (Mobr) and blotchy (Moblo) mouse mutants, respectively. There may be one allelic series of mutants in each species or two loci may be involved in each. The toxic milk mutant (tx) in the mouse may be homologous to Wilson's disease in man. The defect of intestinal absorption of zinc in acrodermatitis enteropathica has no homologue yet in the mouse. However, the lethal milk (lm) mutant in the mouse may be homologous to a condition of zinc deficiency described in a few breastfed, low birth weight infants. Many more genetic defects of transport of copper and of zinc may await discovery. Conversely, these mutants are valuable in elucidating the normal processes of copper and zinc transport.
Topics: Acrodermatitis; Alleles; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Copper; Genetic Linkage; Hepatolenticular Degeneration; Humans; Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Mutation; Tissue Distribution; Trace Elements; X Chromosome; Zinc
PubMed: 3519972
DOI: 10.1136/jmg.23.2.99 -
Nutrients Jun 2022The trace element zinc (Zn) binds to over ten percent of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Zn flexible chemistry allows it to regulate the activity of hundreds of enzymes... (Review)
Review
The trace element zinc (Zn) binds to over ten percent of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Zn flexible chemistry allows it to regulate the activity of hundreds of enzymes and influence scores of metabolic processes in cells throughout the body. Deficiency of Zn in humans has a profound effect on development and in adults later in life, particularly in the brain, where Zn deficiency is linked to several neurological disorders. In this review, we will summarize the importance of Zn during development through a description of the outcomes of both genetic and early dietary Zn deficiency, focusing on the pathological consequences on the whole body and brain. The epidemiology and the symptomology of Zn deficiency in humans will be described, including the most studied inherited Zn deficiency disease, . In addition, we will give an overview of the different forms and animal models of Zn deficiency, as well as the 24 Zn transporters, distributed into two families: the ZIPs and the ZnTs, which control the balance of Zn throughout the body. Lastly, we will describe the TRPM7 ion channel, which was recently shown to contribute to intestinal Zn absorption and has its own significant impact on early embryonic development.
Topics: Acrodermatitis; Animals; Brain; Cation Transport Proteins; Female; Pregnancy; Zinc
PubMed: 35745255
DOI: 10.3390/nu14122526 -
Nutrients Feb 2018The first manifestations that appear under zinc deficiency are skin defects such as dermatitis, alopecia, acne, eczema, dry, and scaling skin. Several genetic disorders... (Review)
Review
The first manifestations that appear under zinc deficiency are skin defects such as dermatitis, alopecia, acne, eczema, dry, and scaling skin. Several genetic disorders including acrodermatitis enteropathica (also known as Danbolt-Closs syndrome) and Brandt's syndrome are highly related to zinc deficiency. However, the zinc-related molecular mechanisms underlying normal skin development and homeostasis, as well as the mechanism by which disturbed zinc homeostasis causes such skin disorders, are unknown. Recent genomic approaches have revealed the physiological importance of zinc transporters in skin formation and clarified their functional impairment in cutaneous pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the relationships between zinc deficiency and skin disorders, focusing on the roles of zinc transporters in the skin. We also discuss therapeutic outlooks and advantages of controlling zinc levels via zinc transporters to prevent cutaneous disorganization.
Topics: Animals; Cation Transport Proteins; Deficiency Diseases; Homeostasis; Humans; Skin; Skin Absorption; Skin Diseases; Zinc
PubMed: 29462920
DOI: 10.3390/nu10020219