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International Journal of Pediatric... Sep 2011Given that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) often inhabits human tonsils and adenoids, it remains to be distinctively determined its prevalence and in which cell and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Given that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) often inhabits human tonsils and adenoids, it remains to be distinctively determined its prevalence and in which cell and microenvironment the virus is present.
METHODS
To determine the prevalence of EBV in the tonsils and adenoids of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) nationals and to provide a basis for understanding the origin and biology of EBV-infected cells, the immunophenotype of all EBV-infected cells in 46 tonsils and 46 adenoids was determined by EBER in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies to T cells (CD3), B cells (CD20), and epithelial cells (cytokeratin AE1/AE3), as well as immunostaining with antibodies to EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1).
RESULTS
EBV was found in 43% of tonsillectomy specimens and 15% of adenoidectomy specimens. All EBV-infected cells were found to be B lymphocytes. About 90% of the infected B cells are found in the interfollicular regions of tonsils and adenoids and the remaining 10% are found within the follicles. There is no significant association between EBV infection, age (P=0.324) and gender (P=0.442).
CONCLUSION
EBV is associated with tonsillar hypertrophy and is prevalent in 43% of our cases. EBV is only detected in B lymphocytes and we believe that B lymphocytes are sites of primary infection and latency. In situ hybridization is the gold standard for the detection of EBV in tissue.
Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adenoids; Adolescent; Age Distribution; Biopsy, Needle; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Female; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Infant; Male; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Distribution; Tonsillectomy; Tonsillitis; United Arab Emirates; Young Adult
PubMed: 21752478
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.06.012 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Oct 2020We investigated palatine tonsil and adenoid specimens excised from otorhinolaryngological patients in a leprosy-endemic region of Brazil. Fite-Faraco staining identified...
We investigated palatine tonsil and adenoid specimens excised from otorhinolaryngological patients in a leprosy-endemic region of Brazil. Fite-Faraco staining identified Mycobacterium spp. in 9 of 397 specimen blocks. Immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium leprae, indicating that these organs can house M. leprae in persons inhabiting a leprosy-endemic region.
Topics: Adenoids; Brazil; Humans; Leprosy; Mycobacterium leprae; Palatine Tonsil
PubMed: 32946726
DOI: 10.3201/eid2610.191267 -
PloS One 2012Chronic tonsillar diseases are an important health problem, leading to large numbers of surgical procedures worldwide. Little is known about pathogenesis of these... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Chronic tonsillar diseases are an important health problem, leading to large numbers of surgical procedures worldwide. Little is known about pathogenesis of these diseases. In order to investigate the role of respiratory viruses in chronic adenotonsillar diseases, we developed a cross-sectional study to determine the rates of viral detections of common respiratory viruses detected by TaqMan real time PCR (qPCR) in nasopharyngeal secretions, tonsillar tissues and peripheral blood from 121 children with chronic tonsillar diseases, without symptoms of acute respiratory infections. At least one respiratory virus was detected in 97.5% of patients. The viral co-infection rate was 69.5%. The most frequently detected viruses were human adenovirus in 47.1%, human enterovirus in 40.5%, human rhinovirus in 38%, human bocavirus in 29.8%, human metapneumovirus in 17.4% and human respiratory syncytial virus in 15.7%. Results of qPCR varied widely between sample sites: human adenovirus, human bocavirus and human enterovirus were predominantly detected in tissues, while human rhinovirus was more frequently detected in secretions. Rates of virus detection were remarkably high in tonsil tissues: over 85% in adenoids and close to 70% in palatine tonsils. In addition, overall virus detection rates were higher in more hypertrophic than in smaller adenoids (p = 0.05), and in the particular case of human enteroviruses, they were detected more frequently (p = 0.05) in larger palatine tonsils than in smaller ones. While persistence/latency of DNA viruses in tonsillar tissues has been documented, such is not the case of RNA viruses. Respiratory viruses are highly prevalent in adenoids and palatine tonsils of patients with chronic tonsillar diseases, and persistence of these viruses in tonsils may stimulate chronic inflammation and play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Topics: Adenoids; Adenoviruses, Human; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; DNA, Viral; Female; Human bocavirus; Humans; Infant; Male; Palatine Tonsil; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tonsillitis; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 22870291
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042136 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jul 2022: the upper respiratory tract harbors the highest bacterial density in the whole respiratory system. Adenoids, which are located in the , are a major site of bacterial...
: the upper respiratory tract harbors the highest bacterial density in the whole respiratory system. Adenoids, which are located in the , are a major site of bacterial colonies in the upper airways. Our goal was to use culture-independent molecular techniques to identify the breadth of bacterial diversity in the adenoid vegetations of children suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis and obstructive sleep apnea. : in total, 21 adenoid samples were investigated using amplification and sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. : among the most common bacterial species found were , , , and . and dominated the microbiome in all 21 samples, attributing to more than 60% of all detected genetic material. : since both and are, predominantly, oral cavity and dental microorganisms, our findings may suggest oral microbiome migration deeper into the oropharynx and nasopharynx where these bacteria colonize adenoid vegetations.
Topics: Adenoids; Bacteria; Child; Genes, rRNA; Humans; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Veillonella
PubMed: 35888639
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070920 -
Progress in Orthodontics Sep 2023Identifying the prevalence of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and craniofacial factors associated with this condition requires studies with random sampling from the general...
BACKGROUND
Identifying the prevalence of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and craniofacial factors associated with this condition requires studies with random sampling from the general population, and multiple criteria can be used for assessing AH on lateral cephalometric radiograph (LCR). The present analysis represents the first report performed according to these requirements in a large cross-sectional sample of children.
METHODS
LCRs of 517 12-year-old children (286 males, 231 females) randomly selected from the general population were retrospectively retrieved. AH was defined using three criteria (At/Nd, Ad-Ba/PNS-Ba, 1-Npaa/Npa), and twelve craniofacial variables were measured (SNA, SNB, ANB, Wits, Cd-Gn, MnP^SN, MxP^MnP, TPFH/TAFH, OPT^SN, C2ps-C4pi^SN, H-CV, H-FH). Skeletal characteristics were compared between children with and without AH using Mann-Whitney U test. Binary logistic regression (adjusted for sex and skeletal growth) was used to independently quantify the association between craniofacial factors and AH.
RESULTS
The prevalence of children with AH was 17.6% (according to At/Nd), 19.0% (according to Ad-Ba/PNS-Ba), and 13.9% (according to 1-Npaa/Npa). Children with AH presented greater antero-posterior jaw discrepancy (larger ANB, smaller SNB), greater mandibular divergence (larger MnP^SN), forward head posture (larger OPT^SN and C2ps-C4pi^SN), and anteriorly positioned hyoid bone (larger H-CV). Larger SNA (OR = 1.39-1.48), while smaller SNB (OR = 0.77-0.88) and Wits (OR = 0.85-0.87), were associated with greater likelihood of having AH, independently from the assessment method used.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of children with AH ranged from 13.9 to 19.0% based on LCR. Greater antero-posterior maxillo-mandibular discrepancy and mandibular retrusion were independently associated with higher likelihood of having AH.
Topics: Female; Male; Humans; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prevalence; Adenoids; Retrospective Studies; Cephalometry
PubMed: 37691059
DOI: 10.1186/s40510-023-00481-4 -
European Review For Medical and... Mar 2019Adenoidectomy is a surgical procedure with potential adverse events. Effective nonsurgical therapy could reduce patient risk and harm. The aim of this study was to...
OBJECTIVE
Adenoidectomy is a surgical procedure with potential adverse events. Effective nonsurgical therapy could reduce patient risk and harm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of bacteriotherapy to reduce the necessity of adenoid surgery.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This experimental study was conducted as an open study in 44 children (30 males and 14 females, mean age 4.9 years) who were candidates for adenoidectomy and tympanocentesis as treatment for adenoidal hypertrophy and otitis media with effusion. Twenty-two children were treated with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a nasal spray, administered as 2 puffs per nostril twice a day for a week for 3 months (study group). The other half of the children was treated with hypertonic saline nasal lavage on the same schedule (control group). Tympanometry and adenoid size assessment were evaluated throughout the intervention period.
RESULTS
In the study group, 6/22 children required surgery, compared to 20/22 children in the study group (p<0.0001). The clinical change in the treated children was a significant reduction of adenoid size (p<0.0001) and improvement of middle ear effusion measured with tympanometry (p<0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
Bacteriotherapy with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a nasal spray could significantly reduce the need for adenoid surgery.
Topics: Acoustic Impedance Tests; Adenoidectomy; Adenoids; Administration, Intranasal; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Probiotics; Streptococcus oralis; Streptococcus salivarius
PubMed: 30920631
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201903_17348 -
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine :... Dec 2020Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a respiratory disorder caused by the obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. The most common cause of pediatric OSA is...
STUDY OBJECTIVES
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a respiratory disorder caused by the obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. The most common cause of pediatric OSA is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Adenotonsillectomy is the first-line treatment for pediatric OSA; however, OSA persists in a significant number of patients due, in part, to the method of evaluating enlarged adenoids and tonsil tissue. The reason for these effects on OSA severity is not clear. This study aimed to establish a method to diagnose the need for adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy.
METHODS
Twenty-seven Japanese children (mean age 6.6 years) participated in this study, undergoing polysomnography and computed tomography examination. Pharyngeal airway morphology (adenoids and tonsil tissue size, volume, and cross-sectional area [CSA]) and pressure on the upper airway were evaluated at each site using computational fluid dynamic analysis.
RESULTS
Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) showed a strong linear association with maximum negative pressure (P) (AHI = -0.055* events/h P -1.326, R² = .805). The relationship between minimum CSA (CSA) and P was represented by an inversely proportional fitted curve (P = -4797/CSA -5.1, R² = .507). The relationship between CSA and AHI was also represented by an inversely proportional fitted curve (AHI = 301.6 events/h/CSA, R² = .680). P greatly increased if CSA became ≤ 30 mm². The negative pressure of each site increased when CSA measured ≤ 50 mm².
CONCLUSIONS
In children, when the CSA for each site is ≤ 50 mm², AHI is likely to be elevated, and the patient may require tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy.
Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adenoids; Child; Humans; Hydrodynamics; Hypertrophy; Palatine Tonsil; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 32780013
DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8736 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2021The quality of life issue began to be earnestly studied in the second half of the 20th century. It had originally been used as a criterion for measuring levels of human...
INTRODUCTION
The quality of life issue began to be earnestly studied in the second half of the 20th century. It had originally been used as a criterion for measuring levels of human development in the USA and Western Europe. At first, only objective parameters were assessed, such as material goods; however, later, subjective and non-material parameters were added, such as health, freedom, and happiness. Over time, more and more attention has been paid to the subjective parameters regarding any quality of life assessment. Adenoids are physiological clusters of lymphoid tissue included in Waldeyer's ring, which play an important role in shaping and directing the child's local and systemic lines of defence. Adenoid hypertrophy occurs due to a variety of factors, such as recurring or chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract.
STUDY AIM
To assess health status in children with adenoid system hypertrophy compared with a group of healthy children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study group consisted of children suffering from adenoid hypertrophy, this being the most common chronic disease of the upper respiratory tract. The control group was composed of children attending nursery school (kindergarten), primary school, middle school, and high school. The study was performed by using the Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form 50 CHQ-PF-50 (CHQ-PF50), which is a general purpose research tool based on psychometric testing when assessing physical and mental well-being in children aged 5 to 18 years.
RESULTS
There were 101 filled out questionnaires for the test group (54 girls and 47 boys), mean age 8.62 years (ranging 5-17), whilst 102 questionnaires for the controls (50 girls and 52 boys), mean age 10.58 years (ranging 5-18). Insignificant differences were found between social functioning resulting from behaviour or emotional state (REB), pain and discomfort (BP), and family cohesion (FC).
CONCLUSIONS
Children suffering from adenoid hypertrophy demonstrate the largest decreases in wellbeing in the following areas: behaviour, general perception of health, and mental health.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Female; Health Status; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Quality of Life; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 34501525
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178935 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Every sixth child suffers from hypertrophy of the adenoid, a secondary lymphoid organ, at least once in childhood. Little is known about the impact of...
Every sixth child suffers from hypertrophy of the adenoid, a secondary lymphoid organ, at least once in childhood. Little is known about the impact of pathogen-provocation vs. developmental impact on T-cell responses after 1 year of age. Therefore, developmental and infection-driven influences on the formation of T-cell-compartments and -multifunctionality in adenoids were analyzed taking into account patient's history of age and inflammatory processes. Here, we show that in adenoids of 102 infants and children similar frequencies of naïve, effector, and memory T-cells were accumulated, whereby history of suffering from subsequent infection symptoms resulted in lower frequencies of CD4 and CD8 T-cells co-expressing several cytokines. While patients suffering from sole nasal obstruction had balanced Th1- and Th17-compartments, Th1 dominated in patients with concomitant upper airway infections. In addition, analysis of cytokine co-expressing CD4 and CD8 T-cells showed that children at the age of three or older differed significantly from those being 1- or 2-years old, implicating a developmental switch in T-cell differentiation at that age. Yet, dissecting age and infectious history of the patients revealed that while CD8 T-cell differentiation seems to be triggered by development, CD4 T-cell functionality is partly impaired by infections. However, this functionality recovers by the age of 3 years. Thus, 3 years of age seems to be a critical period in an infant's life to develop robust T-cell compartments of higher quality. These findings identify important areas for future research and distinguish an age period in early childhood when to consider adjusting the choice of treatment of infections.
Topics: Adenoids; Adolescent; Age Factors; Cell Differentiation; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Humans; Immune System; Immunity, Cellular; Immunologic Memory; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocyte Count; Male; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 32849561
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01640 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Dec 2023We aimed to investigate the difference between the bacterial profiles of the nasal cavities and adenoid surfaces of children with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We also...
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to investigate the difference between the bacterial profiles of the nasal cavities and adenoid surfaces of children with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We also intended to determine and analyze the potential correlation between the pre- and post-adenoidectomy differences in the nasal bacterial profile and clinical prognosis.
METHODS
The clinical information of pediatric patients was collected. All the children underwent adenoidectomy (with or without tonsillectomy), and swab samples were collected during the operation. Visual analog scales (VAS) were used at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. At the 12-month follow-up examination, swab samples were collected again. PCR amplification was performed of the v3-v4 variable regions of 16S rRNA of the collected specimens, as well as high-throughput sequencing using the Illumina platform. The species information was obtained by OTUs clustering, species annotation, and α-diversity analysis.
RESULTS
Twenty-two male and eight female pediatric patients were included in the investigation The most abundant genus level bacterial representatives on the nasal surface before adenoidectomy were , , , and , whereas on the surface of adenoids, they were and . One year postoperatively, the bacteria with the highest abundance on the nasal surface at the genus level were , and non-culturable . One year postoperatively, the bacterial richness in the nasal cavity was significantly higher than at baseline ( < .05). Furthermore, the subjective nasal score of all children significantly decreased at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively ( < .01).
CONCLUSION
The preoperative bacterial abundance of the nasal cavity and the adenoid surfaces was similar, showing a clear correlation. No single specific bacterium was established to be a dominant species associated with the development of CRS in children. The post-adenoidectomy bacterial richness in the nasal cavity was significantly increased, which may be closely related to the relief of postoperative sinusitis symptoms.
Topics: Humans; Child; Male; Female; Adenoidectomy; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sinusitis; Adenoids; Bacteria; Moraxella catarrhalis; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 36269763
DOI: 10.1177/01455613221135647