-
Scientific Reports Apr 2019Auricularia cornea is a widely cultivated edible fungus with substantial nutritive value. This study aimed to enrich the multifunctional bionutrient element selenium in...
Auricularia cornea is a widely cultivated edible fungus with substantial nutritive value. This study aimed to enrich the multifunctional bionutrient element selenium in A. cornea to improve its quality and explore the accumulation of selenium in the fungus using high-throughput RNA-Seq technology. In general, the treatment group with a 100 µg/g supply of selenium outperformed the other treatment groups in terms of high yield, rich crude polysaccharides and a high total selenium concentration. Additional evidences demonstrated the budding and mature phases were two typical growth stages of A. cornea and were important for the accumulation of selenium. Therefore, the budding and mature phase tissues of A. cornea in the treatment group with a 100 µg/g supply of selenium were used for transcriptome analysis and compared to those of a control group that lacked additional selenium. A total of 2.56 × 105 unigenes from A. cornea transcriptome were assembled and annotated to five frequently used databases including NR, GO, KEGG, eggNOG and SwissProt. GO and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that genes involved in metabolic process and translation were up-expressed at the budding stage in response to selenium supplementation, including amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, ribosome. In addition, the differential gene expression patterns of A. cornea suggested that the up-expressed genes were more likely to be detected at the budding stage than at the mature stage. These results provide insights into the transcriptional response of A. cornea to selenium accumulation.
Topics: Agaricales; Basidiomycota; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Selenium; Transcriptome
PubMed: 30948778
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42157-2 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Oct 2016In the vast majority of sexual life cycles, fusion between single-celled gametes is directly followed by nuclear fusion, leading to a diploid zygote and a lifelong... (Review)
Review
In the vast majority of sexual life cycles, fusion between single-celled gametes is directly followed by nuclear fusion, leading to a diploid zygote and a lifelong commitment between two haploid genomes. Mushroom-forming basidiomycetes differ in two key respects. First, the multicellular haploid mating partners are fertilized in their entirety, each cell being a gamete that simultaneously can behave as a female, i.e. contributing the cytoplasm to a zygote by accepting nuclei, and a male gamete, i.e. only donating nuclei to the zygote. Second, after gamete union, the two haploid genomes remain separate so that the main vegetative stage, the dikaryon, has two haploid nuclei per cell. Only when the dikaryon produces mushrooms, do the nuclei fuse to enter a short diploid stage, immediately followed by meiosis and haploid spore formation. So in basidiomycetes, gamete fusion and genome mixing (sex) are separated in time. The 'living apart together' of nuclei in the dikaryon maintains some autonomy for nuclei to engage in a relationship with a different nucleus. We show that competition among the two nuclei of the dikaryon for such 'extramarital affairs' may lead to genomic conflict by favouring genes beneficial at the level of the nucleus, but deleterious at that of the dikaryon.This article is part of the themed issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'.
Topics: Agaricales; Genome, Fungal; Life Cycle Stages; Reproduction
PubMed: 27619697
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0533 -
Microbiological Research Jun 2021Hydrophobins are small secreted proteins with important physiological functions and potential applications. Here, Pleurotus ostreatus hydrophobin genes were...
Hydrophobins are small secreted proteins with important physiological functions and potential applications. Here, Pleurotus ostreatus hydrophobin genes were systematically analyzed: they were characterized, classified, and their expression profiles and gene functions were explored. In total, 40 P. ostreatus hydrophobin genes were found and showed genetic diversity, of which 15 were newly identified. The hydrophobin protein sequences were diverse but all contained eight cysteine residues with a conserved spacing pattern, and 33 of them were class I hydrophobins. The expression profile analyses showed that Vmh3 and Hydph20 were abundant in monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelia, whereas Hydph17, Po.hyd16, Hydph8 were specifically expressed in monokaryotic mycelia and Po.hyd10 were specific in dikaryotic mycelia. Furthermore, Vmh3, Hydph20, Po.hyd7, and Po.hyd10 were abundant when dikaryotic mycelia cultivated on PDA, which are different from on substrate (Vmh2, Vmh3, Hydph7, Po.hyd3, Po.hyd7, Po.hyd9); Hydph12, POH1, and Po.hyd4 can be induced by natural light and cold stimulation during development from mycelia to primordia; Vmh3, FBH1, Hydph12, Po.hyd1-Po.hyd5, and Po.hyd8 were highly expressed in primordia and young fruiting bodies; Hydph12, Po.hyd1, Po.hyd4, and Po.hyd5 were specifically expressed in pilei. In addition, RNAi transformants of FBH1 exhibited slower growth rates and had fewer primordia and fruiting bodies, which suggests FBH1 affects the growth rate and primordia formation of P. ostreatus. Therefore, P. ostreatus hydrophobin genes belong to a large family and are temporally and spatially expressed to meet the developmental needs of mushroom.
Topics: Agaricales; Amino Acid Sequence; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Genes, Fungal; Genetic Variation; Growth and Development; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Pleurotus; Transcriptome
PubMed: 33636611
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126723 -
A Forensic Detection Method for Hallucinogenic Mushrooms via High-Resolution Melting (HRM) Analysis.Genes Jan 2021In recent years, trafficking and abuse of hallucinogenic mushrooms have become a serious social problem. It is therefore imperative to identify hallucinogenic mushrooms...
In recent years, trafficking and abuse of hallucinogenic mushrooms have become a serious social problem. It is therefore imperative to identify hallucinogenic mushrooms of the genus for national drug control legislation. An internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is a DNA barcoding tool utilized for species identification. Many methods have been used to discriminate the ITS region, but they are often limited by having a low resolution. In this study, we sought to analyze the ITS and its fragments, ITS1 and ITS2, by using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, which is a rapid and sensitive method for evaluating sequence variation within PCR amplicons. The ITS HRM assay was tested for specificity, reproducibility, sensitivity, and the capacity to analyze mixture samples. It was shown that the melting temperatures of the ITS, ITS1, and ITS2 of were 83.72 ± 0.01, 80.98 ± 0.06, and 83.46 ± 0.08 °C, and for other species, we also obtained species-specific results. Finally, we performed ITS sequencing to validate the presumptive taxonomic identity of our samples, and the sequencing output significantly supported our HRM data. Taken together, these results indicate that the HRM method can quickly distinguish the DNA barcoding of and other fungi, which can be utilized for drug trafficking cases and forensic science.
Topics: Agaricales; DNA, Intergenic; Forensic Genetics; Genetic Techniques; Hallucinogens; Humans; Psilocybe; Temperature
PubMed: 33572950
DOI: 10.3390/genes12020199 -
MicrobiologyOpen Oct 2021Oudemansiella aparlosarca is an edible mushroom possessing medicinal and health benefits. Although there are studies on the cultivation of O. aparlosarca, only a few...
Oudemansiella aparlosarca is an edible mushroom possessing medicinal and health benefits. Although there are studies on the cultivation of O. aparlosarca, only a few studies have focused on its genetics and life cycle. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify the nuclear conditions of basidiospores and homokaryotic and heterokaryotic hyphal cells and to determine the influence of different nuclear conditions on basidiospore diameter in O. aparlosarca. Two parental strains: strain-55 and strain-81 were used. Staining of basidiospores and hyphal cells in the apical region was performed. We observed the following nuclear conditions: non-nucleate, mononucleate, binucleate, and multinucleate. In both parental strains, binucleate spores were predominant, while the number of non-nucleate spores was the lowest. The diameter of non-nucleate spores was the smallest, being 11.52 µm and 12.15 µm in parental strain-81 and strain-55, respectively, while multinucleate spores had the largest diameter, being 14.78 µm in both parental strains. Both homokaryotic and heterokaryotic strains were identified in isolated single spores from parental strains. Binucleate cells were majorly present in heterokaryotic hyphal cells, and multinucleate cells were predominant in homokaryotic hyphal cells. We conclude that O. aparlosarca contains homokaryotic and heterokaryotic basidiospores, which indicates an amphithallic life cycle. The observed binucleate spores might be the result of post-meiotic mitosis.
Topics: Agaricales; Cell Nucleus; Hyphae; Life Cycle Stages; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 34713602
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1233 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Chanterelles are one of the most highly valued wild edible mushroom genera worldwide. This work aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics and volatile...
Chanterelles are one of the most highly valued wild edible mushroom genera worldwide. This work aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics and volatile compounds' profile of for the first time. Proximate analysis was performed according to the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, while the mineral contents and the volatile compounds were determined using ICP-MS and GC-MS, respectively. had an average of 25.8% protein, 5.5% fat, 12.7% ash, and 55.9% carbohydrates, including 11.4% fiber per dw of mushroom. Further analyses of the fat and protein contents revealed high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as monosodium glutamate-like amino acids. Linoleic acid (42.0% of fat) and oleic acid (28.6% of fat) were the major fatty acids, while leucine (1.2%) and lysine (0.9%) were the most abundant essential amino acids. The results showed that contained 3.1 µg/g vitamin D2 and 4.9 mg/g vitamin E per dw, as well as notable quantities of macro- and microelements, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. GC-MS analysis revealed various volatile compounds such as acetaldehyde, -hexanal, 3-methylbutanal, 1-octen-3-ol, etc. In conclusion, this study supports the use of as a food rich in fiber and vitamin E, with a suitable amount of protein and other nutrients.
Topics: Agaricales; Odorants; Fatty Acids; Vitamin E
PubMed: 38005237
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227516 -
Journal of Advanced Research May 2022Mushroom-forming fungi comprise diverse species that develop complex multicellular structures. In cultivated species, both ecological adaptation and artificial selection...
INTRODUCTION
Mushroom-forming fungi comprise diverse species that develop complex multicellular structures. In cultivated species, both ecological adaptation and artificial selection have driven genome evolution. However, little is known about the connections among genotype, phenotype and adaptation in mushroom-forming fungi.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to (1) uncover the population structure and demographic history of , (2) dissect the genetic basis of adaptive evolution in , and (3) determine if genes related to fruiting body development are involved in adaptive evolution.
METHODS
We analyzed genomes and fruiting body-related traits (FBRTs) in 133 strains and conducted RNA-seq analysis of fruiting body development in the YS69 strain. Combined methods of genomic scan for divergence, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and RNA-seq were used to dissect the genetic basis of adaptive evolution.
RESULTS
We detected three distinct subgroups of via single nucleotide polymorphisms, which showed robust phenotypic and temperature response differentiation and correlation with geographical distribution. Demographic history inference suggests that the subgroups diverged 36,871 generations ago. Moreover, cultivars in China may have originated from the vicinity of Northeast China. A total of 942 genes were found to be related to genetic divergence by genomic scan, and 719 genes were identified to be candidates underlying FBRTs by GWAS. Integrating results of genomic scan and GWAS, 80 genes were detected to be related to phenotypic differentiation. A total of 364 genes related to fruiting body development were involved in genetic divergence and phenotypic differentiation.
CONCLUSION
Adaptation to the local environment, especially temperature, triggered genetic divergence and phenotypic differentiation of A general model for genetic divergence and phenotypic differentiation during adaptive evolution in , which involves in signal perception and transduction, transcriptional regulation, and fruiting body morphogenesis, was also integrated here.
Topics: Agaricales; Genome; Genome-Wide Association Study; Metagenomics; Shiitake Mushrooms
PubMed: 35572413
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.09.008 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2012A white-rot basidiomycete Ganoderma spp. has long been used as a medicinal mushroom in Asia, and it has an array of pharmacological properties for immunomodulatory... (Review)
Review
A white-rot basidiomycete Ganoderma spp. has long been used as a medicinal mushroom in Asia, and it has an array of pharmacological properties for immunomodulatory activity. There have been many reports about the bioactive components and their pharmacological properties. In order to analyze the current status of Ganoderma products, the detailed process of cultivation of Ganoderma spp. and development of their products are restated in this review article. These include the breeding, cultivating, extracting bioactive component, and processing Ganoderma products, etc. This article will expand people's common knowledge on Ganoderma, and provide a beneficial reference for research and industrial production.
Topics: Agaricales; Asia; Biological Factors; Biotechnology; Ganoderma; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Quality Control
PubMed: 22170106
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3780-7 -
BMC Genomics Oct 2019Hypsizygus marmoreus, a high value commercialized edible mushroom is widely cultivated in East Asia, and has become one of the most popular edible mushrooms because of...
BACKGROUND
Hypsizygus marmoreus, a high value commercialized edible mushroom is widely cultivated in East Asia, and has become one of the most popular edible mushrooms because of its rich nutritional and medicinal value. Mitochondria are vital organelles, and play various essential roles in eukaryotic cells.
RESULTS
In this study, we provide the Hypsizygus marmoreus mitochondrial (mt) genome assembly: the circular sequence is 102,752 bp in size and contains 15 putative protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs subunits and 28 tRNAs. We compared the mt genomes of the 27 fungal species in the Pezizomycotina and Basidiomycotina subphyla, with the results revealing that H. marmoreus is a sister to Tricholoma matsutake and the phylogenetic distribution of this fungus based on the mt genome. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Ascomycetes mitochondria started to diverge earlier than that of Basidiomycetes and supported the robustness of the hyper metric tree. The fungal sequences are highly polymorphic and gene order varies significantly in the dikarya data set, suggesting a correlation between the gene order and divergence time in the fungi mt genome. To detect the mt genome variations in H. marmoreus, we analyzed the mtDNA sequences of 48 strains. The phylogeny and variation sited type statistics of H. marmoreus provide clear-cut evidence for the existence of four well-defined cultivations isolated lineages, suggesting female ancestor origin of H. marmoreus. Furthermore, variations on two loci were further identified to be molecular markers for distinguishing the subgroup containing 32 strains of other strains. Fifteen conserved protein-coding genes of mtDNAs were analyzed, with fourteen revealed to be under purifying selection in the examined fungal species, suggesting the rapid evolution was caused by positive selection of this gene.
CONCLUSIONS
Our studies have provided new reference mt genomes and comparisons between species and intraspecies with other strains, and provided future perspectives for assessing diversity and origin of H. marmoreus.
Topics: Agaricales; Ascomycota; Basidiomycota; DNA, Mitochondrial; Evolution, Molecular; Fungal Proteins; Gene Order; Genetic Variation; Genome, Mitochondrial; Phylogeny; Selection, Genetic; Species Specificity
PubMed: 31640544
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6133-z -
The Journal of Nutrition Mar 2016Randomized controlled trial (RCT) data on the response of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in healthy participants consuming UV light-exposed edible mushrooms... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Effect of Ultraviolet Light-Exposed Mushrooms on Vitamin D Status: Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Reanalysis of Biobanked Sera from a Randomized Controlled Trial and a Systematic Review plus Meta-Analysis.
BACKGROUND
Randomized controlled trial (RCT) data on the response of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in healthy participants consuming UV light-exposed edible mushrooms are limited and mixed.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of responses of serum 25(OH)D [and serum 25-hydroxyergocalciferol, 25(OH)D2, and serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 25(OH)D3, if available] to consumption of UV-exposed mushrooms by healthy participants. Biobanked sera from one RCT (originally analyzed by immunoassay) were reanalyzed by LC-MS/MS to generate serum 25(OH)D2 and serum 25(OH)D3 data.
METHODS
Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched for RCTs of UV-exposed mushrooms and data on serum 25(OH)D. Studies were screened for eligibility, and relevant data were extracted. Serum 25(OH)D data were re-analyzed by ANOVA and paired t tests.
RESULTS
Our structured search yielded 6 RCTs meeting our inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of all 6 RCTs showed serum 25(OH)D was not significantly increased (P = 0.12) by UV-exposed mushrooms, but there was high heterogeneity (I(2) = 87%). Including only the 3 European-based RCTs [mean baseline 25(OH)D, 38.6 nmol/L], serum 25(OH)D was increased significantly by UV-exposed mushrooms [weighted mean difference (WMD): 15.2 nmol/L; 95% CI: 1.5, 28.8 nmol/L, P = 0.03, I(2) = 88%], whereas there was no significant effect in the 3 US-based RCTs [P = 0.83; mean baseline 25(OH)D: 81.5 nmol/L]. Analysis of serum 25(OH)D2 and serum 25(OH)D3 (n = 5 RCTs) revealed a statistically significant increase (WMD: 20.6 nmol/L; 95% CI: 8.0, 33.3 nmol/L, P = 0.001, I(2 =) 99%) and decrease (WMD: -13.3 nmol/L; 95% CI: -15.8, -10.7 nmol/L, P < 0.00001, I(2) = 0%) after supplementation with UV-exposed mushrooms.
CONCLUSIONS
Consumption of UV-exposed mushrooms may increase serum 25(OH)D when baseline vitamin D status is low via an increase in 25(OH)D2 (24.2 nmol/L) and despite a concomitant but relatively smaller reduction in 25(OH)D3 (-12.6 nmol/L). When baseline vitamin D status is high, the mean increase in 25(OH)D2 (18.3 nmol/L) and a relatively similar reduction in 25(OH)D3 (-13.6 nmol/L) may explain the lack of effect on serum 25(OH)D.
Topics: Agaricales; Chromatography, Liquid; Databases, Factual; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Ultraviolet Rays; Vitamin D
PubMed: 26865648
DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223784