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BMC Public Health Sep 2015A recent systematic review reported that mild drinking showed beneficial effects on mortality. However, this relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
A recent systematic review reported that mild drinking showed beneficial effects on mortality. However, this relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality differs by race, and there are few studies on Koreans. In this study, we reviewed previous studies conducted on Koreans to investigate the association between mild drinking and mortality.
METHODS
Four databases (Medline, Web of Science, KoreaMed, and DBpia) were searched. Studies investigating the risk of alcohol consumption on three types of mortality (all-cause mortality, cancer-related mortality, and cardiovascular mortality) for Koreans were included.
RESULTS
A total of 16 studies assessed alcohol consumption as a risk factor for mortality. Nine studies reported on the risk of alcohol consumption in relation to all-cause mortality, eight to cancer-related mortality, and three to cardiovascular mortality. Among these, only studies assessing alcohol amount not drink status or drink frequency were included in meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis did not show a significant effect of mild alcohol consumption on all-cause mortality (5 studies, OR: 0.85, 95 % CI: 0.72, 1.01). While meta-analysis of studies using all-cancer mortality showed significant effect of alcohol consumption (4 studies, OR: 0.89, 95 % CI: 0.85, 0.94), results of studies including all-cancer and specific type of cancer was not significant (7 studies, OR: 1.02, 95 % CI: 0.9, 1.15). Although a meta-analysis of cardiovascular mortality could not be conducted owing to a lack of studies, all studies reported a non-significant effect of occasional or mild alcohol consumption.
DISCUSSION
In this study, mild alcohol consumption in Korean did not show beneficial effect on mortality and it might be caused by three factors: criterion of mild drinking, the subjects, and sample size. The criterion of mild alcohol consumption was diverse in included studies. The effect of alcohol consumption could differ based on subjects' sex, age as well as race. In addition, the effect of alcohol consumption might be different from previous one due to the small number of studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Mild alcohol consumption did not show any beneficial effects in relation to all-cause, cancer-related, and cardiovascular mortality. Additional studies are necessary to verify any association between mild drinking and mortality in Koreans.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Cardiovascular Diseases; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 26385795
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2263-7 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Feb 2005
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Female; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders; Humans; Pregnancy; Temperance
PubMed: 15718517
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.330.7488.375 -
Adolescence alcohol exposure impairs fear extinction and alters medial prefrontal cortex plasticity.Neuropharmacology Jun 2022After experiencing a traumatic event people often turn to alcohol to cope with symptoms. In those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a co-occurring alcohol...
After experiencing a traumatic event people often turn to alcohol to cope with symptoms. In those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a co-occurring alcohol use disorder (AUD), PTSD symptoms can worsen, suggesting that alcohol changes how traumatic memory is expressed. The objective of this series of experiments is to identify how alcohol drinking (EtOH), following cued fear conditioning and extinction, impacts fear expression in mice. Molecular (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein, Arc/arg3.1) and structural (dendrite and spine morphometry) markers of neuronal plasticity were measured following remote extinction retrieval. Mouse age (adolescent and adult) and sex were included as interacting variables in a full factorial design. Females drank more EtOH than males and adolescents drank more EtOH than adults. Adolescent females escalated EtOH intake across drinking days. Adolescent drinkers exhibited more conditioned freezing during extinction retrieval, an effect that persisted for at least 20 days. Heightened cued freezing in the adolescent group was associated with greater Arc/arg3.1 expression in layer (L) 2/3 prelimbic (PL) cortex, greater spine density, and reduced basal dendrite complexity. In adults, drinking was associated with reduced L2/3 infralimbic (IL) Arc expression but no behavioral differences. Few sex interactions were uncovered throughout. Overall, these data identify prolonged age-related differences in alcohol-induced fear extinction impairment and medial prefrontal cortex neuroadaptations.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Ethanol; Extinction, Psychological; Fear; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Prefrontal Cortex; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 35364101
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109048 -
International Journal of Legal Medicine Mar 2023Several studies tried to discuss and clarify the so-called Mellanby effect: Similar blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) supposedly lead to more signs of impairment in...
PURPOSE
Several studies tried to discuss and clarify the so-called Mellanby effect: Similar blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) supposedly lead to more signs of impairment in the phase of alcohol resorption than elimination. To assess this effect for alcoholised e-scooter driving, results of a real-driving fitness study were subanalysed.
METHODS
Sixteen subjects (9 females; 7 males) who completed runs at comparable BACs in the phases of alcohol resorption and elimination were chosen to assess a possible "Mellanby effect". The data of the subjects was taken from a prior e-scooter study by Zube et al., which included 63 subjects in total.
RESULTS
In the phase of alcohol resorption, the relative driving performance was approx. 92% of the phase of elimination (p value 0.21). Statistically significant more demerits were allocated to the obstacle "narrowing track" in the phase of resorption than elimination. Subjects also needed significantly more time to pass the obstacles "narrowing track", "driving in circles counterclockwise" and "thresholds" in the phase of resorption than elimination.
DISCUSSION
The most relevant obstacle to discriminate between the two different states of alcoholisation was the narrowing track. Insofar, measurements of the standard deviation of the lateral position (SDLP) might also be a sensitive component for the detection of central nervous driving impairment during shorter trips with an e-scooter. Additionally, driving slower during the phase of alcohol resorption seems to be the attempt to compensate alcohol-related deficits.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study suggest a slight Mellanby effect in e-scooter drivers.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Computer Simulation; Blood Alcohol Content; Ethanol; Automobile Driving
PubMed: 36437382
DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02920-z -
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Feb 2018It is widely assumed that the amount of alcohol in the blood reflects the amount of alcohol consumed. However, several factors in addition to amount of alcohol consumed...
BACKGROUND
It is widely assumed that the amount of alcohol in the blood reflects the amount of alcohol consumed. However, several factors in addition to amount of alcohol consumed can influence blood alcohol concentration (BAC). This study examines the effect of alcohol dose, concentration, and volume on BAC in rats with a high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) phenotype.
METHODS
Study 1 examined the relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed and BAC. Alcohol-naïve, male, HAD rats (N = 7) were given access to alcohol for 2 h/d for 9 consecutive days with food and water ad libitum. Alcohol intake and BAC were measured at 30, 60, and 90 minutes after onset of access. Study 2 examined the effects of altering alcohol dose, concentration, and volume on BAC (as measured by area under the curve). Alcohol-naïve, male, HAD rats (N = 39) were infused, via an intragastric cannulus, with 1.16, 2.44, or 3.38 g alcohol/kg body weight (BW), produced by varying alcohol volume while holding concentration constant or by holding volume constant while varying concentration. Other rats were infused with 10, 15, or 20% v/v alcohol solutions while holding dose constant.
RESULTS
BAC was more strongly correlated with the ratio of alcohol intake (g/kg BW) to total fluid intake (mls) (R = 0.85 to 0.97, p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) than it was with the amount of alcohol consumed (g/kg BW) (R = 0.70 to 0.81, p < 0.05). No effect of alcohol dose was seen during the first hour following the onset of an alcohol infusion regardless of whether dose was achieved by altering alcohol volume or concentration. After 1 hour, higher alcohol doses were predictive of greater BACs.
CONCLUSIONS
The fact that a 3-fold difference in alcohol dose did not result in significant differences in BACs during the first 30 minutes after ingestion of alcohol has potentially important implications for interpretation of studies that measure alcohol-sensitive end points during this time.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Blood Alcohol Content; Central Nervous System Depressants; Ethanol; Male; Rats
PubMed: 29121399
DOI: 10.1111/acer.13549 -
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Aug 1998Research into the effect of alcohol on cardiovascular disease has indicated protective effects from moderate consumption. These observations, made in industrialized... (Review)
Review
Research into the effect of alcohol on cardiovascular disease has indicated protective effects from moderate consumption. These observations, made in industrialized countries, have influenced policies on alcohol in countries where the situation may be quite different--specifically, where consumption is substantially higher or patterns of drinking are different. In central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, a growing body of epidemiological research indicates a positive rather than negative association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular deaths, especially sudden cardiac deaths. By means of a systematic review of published work, we examine whether there is a physiological basis for the observed association between alcohol and heart disease seen in eastern Europe, focusing on the effects of high levels of consumption and of irregular or binge drinking. In binge drinkers, cardioprotective changes in high-density lipoproteins are not seen, and adverse changes in low-density lipoproteins are acquired. Irregular drinking is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, occurring after cessation of drinking. It predisposes both to histological changes in the myocardium and conducting system and to a reduction in the threshold for ventricular fibrillation. Measures of frequency as well as quantity of consumption should be included in epidemiological studies. Taken with the epidemiological evidence emerging from eastern Europe, these observations have important implications for estimates of the burden of disease attributable to alcohol.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Coagulation; Cardiovascular Diseases; Ethanol; Europe, Eastern; Humans; Lipoproteins
PubMed: 9816353
DOI: 10.1177/014107689809100802 -
Neuropsychopharmacology : Official... Nov 2022The ingestion of alcohol yields acute biphasic subjective effects: stimulation before sedation. Despite their predictive relevance to the development of alcohol use... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The ingestion of alcohol yields acute biphasic subjective effects: stimulation before sedation. Despite their predictive relevance to the development of alcohol use disorders (AUD), the neurobiological markers accounting for the biphasic effects of alcohol remain poorly understood in humans. Informed by converging lines of evidence, this study tested the hypothesis that alcohol ingestion acutely increases gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition, which would positively and negatively predict the feeling of stimulation and sedation, respectively. To do so, healthy participants (n = 20) ingested a single dose of 94% ABV alcohol (males: 1.0 ml/kg; females: 0.85 ml/kg) in a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over design. The alcohol's biphasic effects were assessed with the Brief-Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale, and non-invasive neurobiological markers were measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation, before and every 30 min (up to 120 min) after the complete ingestion of the beverage. Results showed that acute alcohol ingestion selectively increased the duration of the cortical silent period (CSP) as compared to placebo, suggesting that alcohol increases non-specific GABAergic inhibition. Importantly, CSP duration positively and negatively predicted increases in the feeling of stimulation and sedation, respectively, suggesting that stimulation emerges as GABAergic inhibition increases and that sedation emerges as GABAergic inhibition returns to baseline values. Overall, these results suggest that modulations of GABAergic inhibition are central to the acute biphasic subjective effects of alcohol, providing a potential preventive target to curb the progression of at-risk individuals to AUD.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Cross-Over Studies; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Inhibition, Psychological; Male; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 35701548
DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01354-w -
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors :... Feb 2022Alcohol demand has been evaluated predominately as a trait-like construct, reflecting individual differences in alcohol's reinforcement value. Increases in...
Alcohol demand has been evaluated predominately as a trait-like construct, reflecting individual differences in alcohol's reinforcement value. Increases in state-dependent alcohol demand under intoxication have been demonstrated, indicating a potential mechanism that may influence drinking behavior. This study evaluated the roles of craving and subjective alcohol response (stimulation, sedation) in this process, testing whether increases in craving and stimulation, and reductions in sedation, predicted increased alcohol demand during a laboratory-based drinking episode. Young adults ( = 90; 53% male; age = 22.2) attended two sessions in a within-subjects alcohol/placebo design. Craving, stimulation, sedation, and alcohol demand (breakpoint, , intensity) were assessed once before beverage consumption and at multiple points afterward at varying blood alcohol concentrations ( peak BrAC = 0.102 g%). Multilevel models tested associations between momentary and between-person predictors (craving, stimulation, sedation) and alcohol demand after accounting for sex, time trends, and baseline covariates. When intoxicated, participants reported higher alcohol demand across the majority of the ascending limb and decreasing demand across the descending limb. Participants reported increased demand at moments when experiencing higher craving, s ≤ .001, and stimulation, with momentary stimulation incrementally predicting demand above craving, s ≤ .04. Between-persons, higher alcohol-induced craving was associated with increased demand, s ≤ .001, whereas between-person stimulation and sedation were less robustly associated with demand indicators. Results indicate that within-person craving and stimulation during intoxication are independently associated with changes in alcohol's reinforcing value. Findings suggest the potential for state-dependent alcohol demand to serve as an additional motivational index of processes underlying ongoing drinking behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Blood Alcohol Content; Craving; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Male; Motivation; Young Adult
PubMed: 35143216
DOI: 10.1037/adb0000719 -
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Apr 1985
Topics: Adult; Ethanol; Female; Histamine Release; Humans; Urticaria
PubMed: 2580094
DOI: 10.1177/014107688507800415 -
Gut Dec 1988Duodenal and jejunal brush border membrane vesicle integrity was studied after in vitro treatment of rabbit tissue with ethyl, benzyl or octyl alcohol. The effects of...
Duodenal and jejunal brush border membrane vesicle integrity was studied after in vitro treatment of rabbit tissue with ethyl, benzyl or octyl alcohol. The effects of the alcohols on gastric parietal cell apical and microsomal membrane vesicle integrity was also studied. Membrane vesicle integrity was determined from the enclosed volume of the vesicle preparations, measured as [14C]glucose space at equilibrium. Exposure of vesicles to the three alcohols caused concentration dependent decreases in enclosed volume. The rank order of potency of the alcohol was octyl greater than benzyl greater than ethyl. Concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mM benzyl alcohol significantly reduced the enclosed volume of duodenal or jejunal vesicles; jejunal vesicles were disrupted by 625 mM ethanol, whereas 2 M ethanol was required to disrupt the duodenal vesicles. Gastric apical membrane integrity was reduced with 0.25 M ethanol, the vesicles being approximately an order of magnitude more sensitive to ethanol than gross estimates of gastric mucosal damage, but 1 M ethanol was required to significantly damage gastric microsomes. All concentrations of benzyl or octyl alcohol tested (greater than or equal to 5 mM) reduced the enclosed volume of both gastric apical membrane vesicles and gastric microsomes. As determined by shrink-swell techniques, benzyl alcohol permeated duodenal vesicles at a faster rate than NH4Cl (apparent rate constant of 9.89 (0.71) X 10(-3)s-1 compared with 4.48 (0.23) X 10(-3)s-1). Therefore, reductions in enclosed volume in response to alcohol treatment could not be explained by alcohol induced osmotic shrinkage. The enclosed volume of the vesicles after alcohol treatment was negatively correlated with membrane fluidity suggesting a common causal effect, the increased fluidity increasing membrane fragility. Duodenal vesicles were more resistant to disruption by the alcohols compared with gastric and jejunal vesicles.
Topics: Alcohols; Animals; Benzyl Alcohols; Duodenum; Ethanol; Gastric Mucosa; Jejunum; Membrane Fluidity; Microsomes; Microvilli; Octanols; Parietal Cells, Gastric; Rabbits
PubMed: 3220304
DOI: 10.1136/gut.29.12.1648