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International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2020Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) has been one of the most innovative discoveries for the treatment of wastewater with high ammonia nitrogen concentrations. The... (Review)
Review
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) has been one of the most innovative discoveries for the treatment of wastewater with high ammonia nitrogen concentrations. The process has significant advantages for energy saving and sludge reduction, also capital costs and greenhouse gases emissions are reduced. Recently, the use of anammox has rapidly become mainstream in China. This study reviews the engineering applications of the anammox process in China, including various anammox-based technologies, selection of anammox reactors and attempts to apply them to different wastewater treatment plants. This review discusses the control and implementation of stable reactor operation and analyzes challenges facing mainstream anammox applications. Finally, a unique and novel perspective on the development and application of anammox in China is presented.
Topics: Ammonia; Anaerobiosis; Bacteria; Bioreactors; China; Engineering; Greenhouse Gases; Humans; Nitrogen; Oxidation-Reduction; Sewage; Wastewater
PubMed: 32050414
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031090 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Sep 2022The development of unconventional strategies for the activation of ammonia (NH) and water (HO) is of capital importance for the advancement of sustainable chemical...
The development of unconventional strategies for the activation of ammonia (NH) and water (HO) is of capital importance for the advancement of sustainable chemical strategies. Herein we provide the synthesis and characterization of a radical equilibrium complex based on bismuth featuring an extremely weak Bi-O bond, which permits the in situ generation of reactive Bi(II) species. The ensuing organobismuth(II) engages with various amines and alcohols and exerts an unprecedented effect onto the X-H bond, leading to low BDFE. As a result, radical activation of various N-H and O-H bonds─including ammonia and water─occurs in seconds at room temperature, delivering well-defined Bi(III)-amido and -alkoxy complexes. Moreover, we demonstrate that the resulting Bi(III)-N complexes engage in a unique reactivity pattern with the triad of H, H, and H sources, thus providing alternative pathways for main group chemistry.
Topics: Amines; Ammonia; Bismuth; Water
PubMed: 36053726
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05882 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Mar 2022In this study, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was examined as an additional supplement to improve the ammonia stress resistance of S. pharaonis. Specifically, we added...
Effects of ammonia toxicity on the histopathology, detoxification, oxidative stress, and immune response of the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis and the mitigation of γ-aminobutyric acid.
In this study, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was examined as an additional supplement to improve the ammonia stress resistance of S. pharaonis. Specifically, we added different doses of GABA (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg) to food, cultivated S. pharaonis in regular seawater for 8 weeks and then in 8.40 mg/L ammonia seawater for 48 h and then investigated the accumulation of ammonia (the hepatic ammonia content), ammonia detoxification process (the urea content), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities), immune response (the serum haemolytic complement (C3) and lysozyme (LYZ) contents), membrane lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA)) and histopathology of the liver. The results showed that ammonia poisoning could induce ammonia and MDA accumulation and subsequently lead to oxidative stress (decreases in SOD and CAT activities), immunosuppression (reductions in the haemolytic C3 and LYZ content), and histopathological injury in the liver. The application of GABA had a significant effect on alleviating the adverse effect of ammonia poisoning, and 80-100 mg/kg treatment exerted the best effect. This treatment significantly reduced the ammonia and MDA contents, significantly increased the urea content, increased the SOD, CAT, C3 and LYZ activities, reduced the MDA content, suppressed membrane lipid peroxidation, and significantly improved the histopathological injury to the liver. In summary, the results could provide a new method for mitigating liver damage, alleviating the physiological and metabolic disorders caused by ammonia stress in cuttlefish, and provide a theoretical basis for the application of GABA in alleviating ammonia poisoning.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Antioxidants; Catalase; Decapodiformes; Immunity; Oxidative Stress; Sepia; Superoxide Dismutase; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 35131585
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113256 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 2022SignificanceAgricultural systems are already major forces of ammonia pollution and environmental degradation. How agricultural ammonia emissions affect the...
SignificanceAgricultural systems are already major forces of ammonia pollution and environmental degradation. How agricultural ammonia emissions affect the spatio-temporal patterns of nitrogen deposition and where to target future mitigation efforts, remains poorly understood. We develop a substantially complete and coherent agricultural ammonia emissions dataset in nearly recent four decades, and evaluate the relative role of reduced nitrogen in total nitrogen deposition in a spatially explicit way. Global reduced nitrogen deposition has grown rapidly, and will occupy a greater dominant position in total nitrogen deposition without future ammonia regulations. Recognition of agricultural ammonia emissions on nitrogen deposition is critical to formulate effective policies to address ammonia related environmental challenges and protect ecosystems from excessive nitrogen inputs.
Topics: Agriculture; Air Pollutants; Ammonia; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Nitrogen
PubMed: 35344440
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121998119 -
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment May 2021The aim of the study was to present the scale of greenhouse gas emissions from animal production, and to provide test results from different housing systems. In three...
The aim of the study was to present the scale of greenhouse gas emissions from animal production, and to provide test results from different housing systems. In three free stall buildings, two with slurry in deep channels and one with cattle in cubicles staying on shallow litter concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide were measured in summer season by using dedicated equipment from Industrial Scientific Research. Air exchange was calculated on the base of balance carbon dioxide method. This method was used in order to estimate the air flow rate. Concentrations of ammonia and CO were measured as the base for air exchange and ammonia emission rates. Ammonia emissions were product of ammonia concentration and air exchange rate. Temperature and relative humidity were measured to establish microclimate conditions in buildings tested to show the overall microclimatic situation in buildings. Differences between ammonia emission rates were observed in both housing systems. The highest ammonia emission rate was equal to 2.75 g·h·LU in well-ventilated cattle barn with the largest herd size.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Ammonia; Animals; Cattle; Environmental Monitoring; Gases; Housing, Animal; Poland
PubMed: 33999318
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09118-7 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jan 2021Ammonia has been of concern for its high toxicity to aquatic species and frequent detection in waters worldwide. This study calculated the national aquatic life criteria...
Ammonia has been of concern for its high toxicity to aquatic species and frequent detection in waters worldwide. This study calculated the national aquatic life criteria for ammonia in China. The temporal and spatial distributions were investigated and the multi-tier ecological risks were assessed for ammonia and un-ionized ammonia (NH) during 2014-2018 based on a total of 18989 ammonia monitoring data from 110 monitoring sites in seven river basins. The sensitivity comparison of different species taxa to ammonia showed that Perciformes fish should be listed as a priority protected species in the derivation of ammonia criteria. The participation of introduced aquaculture species have no significant impact on the final criteria values (t-test, p > 0.05). The final criterion maximum concentration (CMC) and criterion continuous concentration (CCC) were 10.24 and 3.31 mg/L for ammonia (pH 7.0 and 20 °C). The interannual variation showed that decreasing trends were observed for ammonia and NH pollutions in the past five years. However, the increasing trends were observed for ammonia in Liao River basin, for NH in Yangtze River and Pearl River basins (2014-2018). The significant seasonal and geographical differences of ammonia and NH pollution were found. Moreover, the pollutions of ammonia and NH in some monitoring points of Huai River, Yellow River and Songhua River basins at the provincial borders were significant. The result of ecological risk assessment showed that the average exceedance probability for 5% affected species by NH in long-term exposure was 28.96% in the past five years.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; China; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Fishes; Fresh Water; Risk Assessment; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 33254401
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111541 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Mar 2021To investigate the defensive strategies of clam Cyclina sinensis in response to environmental ammonia exposure, we investigate the 96 h median lethal concentration...
To investigate the defensive strategies of clam Cyclina sinensis in response to environmental ammonia exposure, we investigate the 96 h median lethal concentration (LC-96 h) and the 96 h safe concentration (SC) of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) for C. sinensis, and on the basis we examined glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, glutamine content, urea content and the antioxidant enzyme activities of super oxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in 96 h at three different levels of TAN as 0 (control), 73.94 (T1) and 227.04 mg/L (T2). Results showed that LC-96 h and SC for C. sinensis were 65.79 and 6.58 mg/L, respectively. The LC-96 h and SC of NH were 1.70 and 0.17 mg/L, respectively. Ammonia exposure had significantly effects on SOD and CAT activities in the hepatopancreas tissue. Both the level of SOD activity and CAT activity increased with increasing concentration of TAN. No significant differences between T1 and T2 were found in GS activity from 3 h to 96 h after exposed to ammonia, whereas they were significantly higher than those in the control. Both the level of glutamine content in T1 and T2 increased significantly from 6 h to 24 h after exposed to ammonia and they were significantly higher than those in the control. There were no significantly differences were found in the level of urea concentration between T1 and T2 from 6 h to 96 h, while they were significantly higher those in the control. In conclusion, enhancing hepatopancreas antioxidant responses as well as converting ammonia into glutamine and urea worked in combination to allow C. sinensi to defend against acute ammonia exposure.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Antioxidants; Bivalvia; Catalase; Environmental Exposure; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Glutamine; Hepatopancreas; Lethal Dose 50; Nitrogen; Seafood; Superoxide Dismutase; Urea
PubMed: 33476851
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111895 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Oct 2021Ammonia is one of major pollutants in aquatic environment that induces severe stress and toxicity to organisms in aquatic system. The intestine acts a major defense line...
Ammonia is one of major pollutants in aquatic environment that induces severe stress and toxicity to organisms in aquatic system. The intestine acts a major defense line that protects living organisms from biotic and abiotic stresses. In the current study, we examined the effects of ammonia on intestinal histomorphology, transcriptional levels of intestinal barrier functioning genes and intestinal microbiota of Chinese striped-neck turtle (Mauremys sinensis). Thus, the turtles were placed in water with addition of ammonia at 0 (control), 100, 200 mg L for 30 days. Our findings showed that ammonia reduced the villus length and induced the inflammatory cells appearance. In addition, the epithelial tight junction genes, claudin and zonola occludin significantly downregulated in ammonia exposed groups as compared to control group (P < 0.05). Similarly, the mRNA expression levels of MUC-2 gene also significantly decreased in ammonia treated groups (P < 0.05). However, the expression levels of intestinal immune related genes such as IL-10, IL-12, TGF-β1, TNF-α and IFN-γ significantly increased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, ammonia changed gut microbial diversity variedly. At the phylum levels, Firmicutes increased, whereas Bacteroidota, Desulfobacterota and Synergistota decreased significantly. Likewise, Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroides, Eubacteriaceae, Desulfovibrio, Muribaculaceae, Bilophila, Cloacibacillus, Christensenellaceae, Ruminococcus and Parabacteroides decreased while, Romboutsia and Turicibacter increased in ammonia exposed groups. In conclusion, ammonia at 100 and 200 mg L could alter the intestinal barrier function and change the composition of intestinal microbiota, leading to bad health status in M. sinensis.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; China; Intestinal Mucosa; Microbiota; Turtles
PubMed: 34229168
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112471 -
STAR Protocols Jun 2021As a key industrial nitrogenous product and a critical environmental pollutant, ammonia broadly affects our daily lives. Rapid and sensitive detection of ammonia is...
As a key industrial nitrogenous product and a critical environmental pollutant, ammonia broadly affects our daily lives. Rapid and sensitive detection of ammonia is essential to both environmental monitoring and process control for industrial manufacturing. Here, we present a protocol for rapid detection of low amounts of ammonia in the aqueous phase, via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We believe the mechanism and speed of the approach demonstrate its potential toward applications in electrochemical catalysis and ammonia detection. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liu et al. (2020).
Topics: Ammonia; Catalysis; Electrochemical Techniques; Limit of Detection; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Water
PubMed: 34159324
DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100599 -
Water Research Nov 2022The toxic effect of unionized ammonia (NH) on aquatic organisms is receiving increasing attention due to the excessive nitrogen discharge to various surface waters....
The toxic effect of unionized ammonia (NH) on aquatic organisms is receiving increasing attention due to the excessive nitrogen discharge to various surface waters. Researches have suggested the scale-dependence of NH toxicity, being lower in field than under lab conditions. Such scale-dependence of toxicity is a big challenge to water quality criteria setting as the results solely from lab tests might not apply to natural ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the underlying mechanism to understand the difference of toxicity across various spatial scales. In this study, we used the widely distributed gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa as the test animal and performed two 192-h microcosm experiments. Each experiment included a control and an ammonia addition treatment: N0(LC) & N+(LC), N0(LC) & N+(LC) (96-h LC = 0.8 mg NHN/L, 96-h LC = 18.1 mg NHN/L). Besides water-only, three potential key components (food, sediment, and submersed macrophytes) were included in the various treatments to mimic different complexity levels of aquatic ecosystems (Water, Water + Food, Water + Sediment, Water + Sediment + Macrophytes). The results showed that: 1) food directly improved the survival and growth of gastropods under expected lethal concentration of ammonia (96-h concentration of NHN = LC of the 96-h acute test); 2) sediment and macrophyte quickly decreased the ammonia concentration, mainly by sediment adsorption and macrophyte uptake, to alleviate the ammonia stress to gastropods and permitted them to survive and grow under expected lethal concentration of ammonia (96-h concentration of NHN = LC∼LC of the 96-h acute test); 3) sediment and macrophyte also provided additional food for gastropods; 4) under extremely high ammonia stress (i.e., 96-h LC, food was left uneaten and macrophyte died, and gastropods could, therefore, not be released from ammonia stress. Our results demonstrate that under moderate ammonia stress, the introduction of extra ecosystem elements (food, sediment, and macrophytes) significantly improved the survival and growth of gastropods, mainly by enhancing their tolerance and by quickly decreasing the NH concentration and thus toxicity. However, these introduced elements had little effect at very high concentration of ammonia (i.e., 96-h LC). Our findings add to the understanding of the reasons behind the previous observed scale-dependent toxicity of NH on aquatic organisms and contribute to better decisions on the role of NH in relation to water quality management.
Topics: Animals; Ecosystem; Ammonia; Aquatic Organisms; Nitrogen; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36323203
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119266