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Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 1988Carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine are present in high concentrations in the muscle and brain of many animals and humans. However, their exact function is not clear....
Carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine are present in high concentrations in the muscle and brain of many animals and humans. However, their exact function is not clear. The antioxidant activity of these compounds has been examined by testing their peroxyl radical-trapping ability at physiological concentrations. Carnosine, homocarnosine, anserine, and other histidine derivatives all showed antioxidant activity. All of these compounds showing peroxyl radical-trapping activity were also electrochemically active as reducing agents in cyclic voltammetric measurements. Furthermore, carnosine inhibited the oxidative hydroxylation of deoxyguanosine induced by ascorbic acid and copper ions. Other roles of carnosine, such as chelation of metal ions, quenching of singlet oxygen, and binding of hydroperoxides, are also discussed. The data suggest a role for these histidine-related compounds as endogenous antioxidants in brain and muscle.
Topics: Amidines; Anserine; Antioxidants; Azo Compounds; Brain; Carnosine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Deoxyguanosine; Dipeptides; Electrochemistry; Free Radicals; Histidine; Lipid Peroxides; Muscles; Nitriles; Solutions; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 3362866
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175 -
The FEBS Journal Feb 2010The bioactive dipeptide derivative anserine (beta-alanyl-1-N-methyl-L-histidine) is absorbed from the human diet in intact form at the intestinal epithelium. The purpose...
The bioactive dipeptide derivative anserine (beta-alanyl-1-N-methyl-L-histidine) is absorbed from the human diet in intact form at the intestinal epithelium. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether anserine is a substrate of the H(+)/peptide cotransporters 1 and 2 (PEPT1 and PEPT2). We first assessed the effects of anserine on [(14)C]glycylsarcosine ([(14)C]Gly-Sar) uptake into Caco-2 cells expressing human PEPT1 and into spontaneous hypertensive rat kidney proximal tubule (SKPT) cells expressing rat PEPT2. Anserine inhibited [(14)C]Gly-Sar uptake with K(i) values of 1.55 mM (Caco-2) and 0.033 mM (SKPT). In HeLa cells transfected with pcDNA3-hPEPT1 or pcDNA3-hPEPT2, K(i) values of 0.65 mM (hPEPT1) and 0.18 mM (hPEPT2) were obtained. We conclude from these data that anserine is recognized by PEPT1 and PEPT2. Carnosine also inhibited [(14)C]Gly-Sar uptake. Using the two-electrode, voltage-clamp technique at Xenopus laevis oocytes, strong hPEPT1-specific inward transport currents were recorded for Gly-Sar, anserine and carnosine, but not for glycine. We conclude that anserine and carnosine interact with the human intestinal peptide transporter and are transported by hPEPT1 in an active, electrogenic H(+) symport. As PEPT1 is the predominant transport system for di- and tripeptides at the intestinal epithelium, this transporter is most probably responsible for the intestinal absorption of anserine after food intake. In addition, anserine might be useful for the design of new substrates of peptide transporters, such as prodrugs, that can be administered orally.
Topics: Animals; Anserine; Caco-2 Cells; Carnosine; Cells, Cultured; Dipeptides; HeLa Cells; Humans; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Membrane Transport Proteins; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peptide Transporter 1; Rats; Symporters; Xenopus laevis
PubMed: 20067523
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07528.x -
Animal Bioscience Apr 2024Carnosine and anserine affect the meat flavor. The contents of carnosine and anserine in meat are affected by genetic and environmental factors. This study aimed to...
OBJECTIVE
Carnosine and anserine affect the meat flavor. The contents of carnosine and anserine in meat are affected by genetic and environmental factors. This study aimed to discover the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HNMT and HNMT-like genes and to associate them with the content of carnosine and anserine in Korean native chicken-red brown line (KNC-R ).
METHODS
This study used a total of 384 birds (males, n=192; females, n=192) aged 10 weeks old, for genotyping HNMT and HNMT-like genes. One synonymous SNP (rs29009298C/T) of the HNMT gene was genotyped by PCR-RFLP methods whereas four missense SNPs (rs734406537G/A; rs736514667A/G; rs15881680G/A and rs316765035T/C) of the HNMT gene, and one missense SNP rs737657949A/C of the HNMT-like gene were genotyped by PACE genotyping technology. Two-way ANOVA of the R program was used to associate HNMT genotypes with the contents of carnosine and anserine in KNC- R chickens.
RESULTS
There were significant associations (p<0.05) between the genotypes of the synonymous SNP:rs29009298C/T, missense SNP rs736514667A/G of the HNMT gene and the content of carnosine in KNC-Rs. This study also reported the sex effect on the carnosine content, where females had more content of carnosine compared to that of male KNC-R.
CONCLUSION
Two SNPs (synonymous: rs735769522C/T) and missense: rs736514667A/G) in the HNMT gene might be used as genetic markers in the selection and breeding of chickens with better taste and high-flavored meat.
PubMed: 38665079
DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0552 -
Frontiers in Neurology 2021Millions of sport-related concussions (SRC) occur annually in North America, and current diagnosis of concussion is based largely on clinical evaluations. The objective...
Millions of sport-related concussions (SRC) occur annually in North America, and current diagnosis of concussion is based largely on clinical evaluations. The objective of this study was to determine whether urinary metabolites are significantly altered post-SRC compared to pre-injury. Outpatient sports medicine clinic. Twenty-six male youth sport participants. Urine was analyzed pre-injury and after SRC by H NMR spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using multivariate statistics, pairwise -test, and metabolic pathway analysis. Variable importance analysis based on random variable combination (VIAVC) was applied to the entire data set and resulted in a panel of 18 features. Partial least square discriminant analysis was performed exploring the separation between pre-injury and post-SRC groups. Pathway topography analysis was completed to identify biological pathway involvement. Spearman correlations provide support for the relationships between symptom burden and length of return to play and quantifiable metabolic changes in the human urinary metabolome. Phenylalanine and 3-indoxysulfate were upregulated, while citrate, propylene glycol, 1-methylhistidine, 3-methylhistidine, anserine, and carnosine were downregulated following SRC. A receiver operator curve (ROC) tool constructed using the 18-feature classifier had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.887. A pairwise -test found an additional 19 altered features, 7 of which overlapped with the VIAVC analysis. Pathway topology analysis indicated that aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and beta-alanine metabolism were the two pathways most significantly changed. There was a significant positive correlation between post-SRC 2-hydroxybutyrate and the length of return to play (ρ = 0.482, = 0.02) as well as the number of symptoms and post-SRC lactose (ρ = 0.422, = 0.036). We found that H NMR metabolomic urinary analysis can identify a set of metabolites that can correctly classify SRC with an accuracy of 81.6%, suggesting potential for a more objective method of characterizing SRC. Correlations to both the number of symptoms and length of return to play indicated that 2-hydroxybutyrate and lactose may have potential applications as biomarkers for sport-related concussion.
PubMed: 34489846
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.645829 -
International Journal of Sport... Mar 2023Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) and its methylated analogues anserine and balenine are highly concentrated endogenous dipeptides in mammalian skeletal muscle that are...
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) and its methylated analogues anserine and balenine are highly concentrated endogenous dipeptides in mammalian skeletal muscle that are implicated in exercise performance. Balenine has a much better bioavailability and stability in human circulation upon acute ingestion, compared to carnosine and anserine. Therefore, ergogenic effects observed with acute carnosine and anserine supplementation may be even more pronounced with balenine. This study investigated whether acute balenine supplementation improves physical performance in four maximal and submaximal exercise modalities. A total of 20 healthy, active volunteers (14 males; six females) performed cycling sprints, maximal isometric contractions, a 4-km TT and 20-km TT following either preexercise placebo or 10 mg/kg of balenine ingestion. Physical, as well as mental performance, along with acid-base balance and glucose concentration were assessed. Balenine was unable to augment peak power (p = .3553), peak torque (p = .3169), time to complete the 4 km (p = .8566), nor 20 km time trial (p = .2660). None of the performances were correlated with plasma balenine or CN1 enzyme activity. In addition, no effect on pH, bicarbonate, and lactate was observed. Also, the supplement did not affect mental performance. In contrast, glucose remained higher during and after the 20 km time trial following balenine ingestion. In conclusion, these results overall indicate that the functionality of balenine does not fully resemble that of carnosine and anserine, since it was unable to elicit performance improvements with similar and even higher plasma concentrations.
Topics: Male; Animals; Female; Humans; Carnosine; Anserine; Dipeptides; Dietary Supplements; Mammals
PubMed: 36623508
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0115 -
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal... Feb 2016This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with rice bran, flax seed, or sunflower seed to finishing native Korean cattle (Hanwoo) on...
Effects of Rice Bran, Flax Seed, and Sunflower Seed on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Fatty Acid Composition, Free Amino Acid and Peptide Contents, and Sensory Evaluations of Native Korean Cattle (Hanwoo).
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with rice bran, flax seed, or sunflower seed to finishing native Korean cattle (Hanwoo) on growth performances, carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, free amino acid and peptide contents, and sensory evaluations of Longissimus muscle (LM). A total of 39 Hanwoo steers (average age of 22.2 mo and average body weight (BW) of 552.2 kg) were randomly divided into Control, rice bran (RB), flax seed (FS), or Sunflower seed (SS) groups. The steers were group fed for 273 d until they reached an average age of 31.2 mo. Final BW was 768.2, 785.8, 786.2, and 789.0 kg, and average daily gain was 0.79, 0.85, 0.82, and 0.84 kg for the Control, RS, FS, and SS groups, respectively (p>0.05). Fat thickness of the FS group (19.8 mm) was greater (p<0.05) than that of the other groups. Final yield grade converted into numerical values was 2.0 for the RB group, 1.7 for the Control and SS groups, and 1.4 for the FS group. Marbling degrees for the Control, SS, RB, and FS groups were 5.3, 5.1, 4.7, and 4.6, respectively. Percentages of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and arachidic acid (C20:0) in the LM were not different among the groups. Palmitoleic (C16:1) acid was higher (p<0.05) in the SS group. The concentration of oleic acid was highest (p<0.05) in the Control group (47.73%). The level of linolenic acid (C18:3) was 2.3 times higher (p<0.05) in the FS group compared to the other groups. Methionine concentration was (p<0.05) higher in FS (1.7 mg/100 g) and SS (1.2 mg/100 g) steers than in the Control or RB groups. Glutamic acid and α-aminoadipic acid (α-AAA) contents were (p<0.05) higher in the FS group compared to the other groups. LM from the FS group had numerically higher (p>0.05) scores for flavor, umami, and overall palatability in sensory evaluations. In conclusion, supplementation of flax seed to diets of finishing Hanwoo steers improved sensory evaluations which might have been caused by increases in flavor related amino acids such as methionine, glutamic acid and α-AAA and peptides, anserine and carnosine, and their complex reactions.
PubMed: 26732444
DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0264 -
Metabolites Dec 2022Myopathies have risen strongly in recent years, likely linked to selection for appetite. For white striping (WS), causes have been identified; but for wooden breast...
Myopathies have risen strongly in recent years, likely linked to selection for appetite. For white striping (WS), causes have been identified; but for wooden breast (WB), the cause remains speculative. We used metabolomics to study the breast muscle of 51 birds that were scored for both at 35 days of age to better understand potential causes. A partial least square discriminant analysis revealed that WS and WB had distinct metabolic profiles, implying different etiologies. Arginine and proline metabolism were affected in both, although differently: WB increased arginine in breast muscle implying that the birds did not use this pathway to increase tissue blood flow. Antioxidant defenses were impeded as shown by low anserine and beta-alanine. In contrast, GSH and selenium concentrations were increased. Serine, linked to anti-inflammatory properties, was increased. Taurine, which can stabilize the cell's sarcolemma as well as modulate potassium channels and cellular calcium homeostasis, was also increased. Mineral data and depressed phosphatidylethanolamine, cAMP, and creatine-phosphate suggested compromised energy metabolism. WB also had drastically lower diet-derived lipids, suggesting compromised lipid digestion. In conclusion, WB may be caused by impaired lipid digestion triggered by a very high appetite: the ensuing deficiencies may well impair blood flow into muscle resulting in irreparable damage.
PubMed: 36676945
DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010020 -
Arthroscopy Techniques Mar 2021The purpose of this technique paper is to outline a minimally invasive technique using dual suspensory fixation with adjustable-loop devices for reconstruction of the...
The purpose of this technique paper is to outline a minimally invasive technique using dual suspensory fixation with adjustable-loop devices for reconstruction of the superficial medial collateral ligament. The femoral fixation is performed through a limited approach at the anatomic origin of the medial collateral ligament, a socket is prepared, and the graft is docked using the adjustable-loop suspensory fixation. The tibial socket is prepared through a separate incision just distal to the pes anserine tendons and drilled medially to laterally perpendicular to the tibial shaft. The graft is tunneled and docked into the tibial tunnel using adjustable-loop cortical suspensory fixation on the far cortex. The knee is cycled through a full arc of motion and stressed in valgus to take initial creep out of the construct. The knee is placed in 30° of flexion and slight varus and final tension is applied to both the femoral and tibial side. With this technique, fixation can be completed with a minimally invasive incision and it allows the ability to tension the graft both on the femoral and tibial side to the desired level, providing a significant advantage over previously used interference screw techniques.
PubMed: 33738194
DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2020.10.049 -
Indian Journal of Orthopaedics Jan 2022To investigate the characteristics of the patients who are clinically diagnosed with pes anserine tendinitis bursitis syndrome (PATBS), and to determine the sensitivity...
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the characteristics of the patients who are clinically diagnosed with pes anserine tendinitis bursitis syndrome (PATBS), and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnose based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
METHODS
Included in this cross-sectional clinical study were 156 patients who were evaluated based on the clinical presence or absence of PATBS. All patients underwent Q-angle measurement, knee osteoarthritis (OA) grading according to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification, and medial joint space measurement, and their cartilage thickness, and any periarticular and intraarticular knee pathologies were recorded from an assessment of knee MRIs.
RESULTS
Of the total, 64 cases (41%) were diagnosed clinically with PATBS and 92 (59%) were not. There was no difference in the Q angles of the two groups ( > 0.05), while the medial joint spaces were significantly lower in the PATBS patients ( < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in an MRI assessment of meniscus and ligament lesions, chondromalacia patella, cyst, bursitis, effusion and synovial pathologies ( > 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of the PATBS clinical diagnoses relative to the MRI findings were determined as 41.2% and 59.5%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The medial joint space was found to be significantly lower in patients with PATBS, while there was no difference in any other knee pathologies between the two groups. The sensitivity and specificity of a PATBS clinical diagnosis were found to be low, and so it was concluded that clinical PATBS diagnoses may be inaccurate, particularly in the presence of such invasive therapies as injection, and that diagnoses based on imaging methods would be more accurate.
PubMed: 35070151
DOI: 10.1007/s43465-021-00424-3 -
Animal Bioscience Dec 2022This study aimed to evaluate the difference in the thigh meat quality of Ross 308 broiler from conventional and welfare farms.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the difference in the thigh meat quality of Ross 308 broiler from conventional and welfare farms.
METHODS
Thigh meat samples of Ross 308 broilers (age, 35 d; carcass weight, 1.1 kg) from conventional farm (RCF, n = 60) and animal welfare farms (RAWF, n = 60) were analyzed. Proximate composition, pH, color (lightness, redness, and yellowness), water-holding capacity (WHC), shear force, total aerobic bacteria (TAB), and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) were measured and the levels of bioactive compounds such as dipeptides (anserine and carnosine), creatine, creatinine, and their anti-oxidation activity were determined.
RESULTS
The RCF and RAWF did not differ significantly in their proximate composition, WHC, color, and creatine and carnosine levels. The pH value was significantly lower in RAWF than in RCF on day 7. The shear force value was significantly higher in RAWF than in RCF throughout the storage duration. TAB in RCF on day 9 were significantly higher than those in RAWF. The VBN content of RAWF was significantly lower than that of RCF after 5 days of storage. Creatinine content was significantly higher in RAWF (3.50 mg/100 g) than in RCF (3.08 mg/100 g) on day 1. Along with higher carnosine and anserine contents of RAWF, it had significantly higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities than those of RCF.
CONCLUSION
These results imply that the animal welfare farming system beneficially affects the overall oxidative stability of Ross 308 thigh meat.
PubMed: 35798041
DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0044