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Environmental Health Perspectives Apr 2000Intercalibrated measurements of lead in calcium supplements indicate the importance of rigorous analytical techniques to accurately quantify contaminant exposures in...
Intercalibrated measurements of lead in calcium supplements indicate the importance of rigorous analytical techniques to accurately quantify contaminant exposures in complex matrices. Without such techniques, measurements of lead concentrations in calcium supplements may be either erroneously low, by as much as 50%, or below the detection limit needed for new public health criteria. In this study, we determined the lead content of 136 brands of supplements that were purchased in 1996. The calcium in the products was derived from natural sources (bonemeal, dolomite, or oyster shell) or was synthesized and/or refined (chelated and nonchelated calcium). The dried products were acid digested and analyzed for lead by high resolution-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The method's limit of quantitation averaged 0.06 microg/g, with a coefficient of variation of 1.7% and a 90-100% lead recovery of a bonemeal standard reference material. Two-thirds of those calcium supplements failed to meet the 1999 California criteria for acceptable lead levels (1.5 microg/daily dose of calcium) in consumer products. The nonchelated synthesized and/or refined calcium products, specifically antacids and infant formulas, had the lowest lead concentrations, ranging from nondetectable to 2.9 microg Pb/g calcium, and had the largest proportion of brands meeting the new criteria (85% of the antacids and 100% of the infant formulas).
Topics: Antacids; Calcium; Calcium Carbonate; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Infant Food; Lead; Magnesium; Mass Spectrometry; Public Health; Reference Values
PubMed: 10753088
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.00108309 -
Pharmacology & Therapeutics Mar 1995With the availability of increasingly potent acid-suppressing medications, questions continue to rise concerning the safety of these compounds in regards to... (Review)
Review
With the availability of increasingly potent acid-suppressing medications, questions continue to rise concerning the safety of these compounds in regards to carcinogenetic potential. In this review, we examine current concepts and procedures relating to genotoxicity, the potential for a chemical agent to interact with and alter the genomic information of the cell, and carcinogenesis. A description and discussion of commonly utilized techniques for the determination of (a) in vitro mutagenicity, (b) in vitro and in vivo DNA damage and repair, (c) in vitro and in vivo chromosomal damage and (d) chronically dosed animal tumorigenesis development is presented. Observations from these procedures as they have been applied to a review of the safety of acid-suppressing medications will be discussed. An evaluation of reports relating to potential genotoxic and carcinogenic hazards of therapeutically relevant acid-suppressing medications (cimetidine, ranitidine, omeprazole) is presented. Information related to the effect of prolonged administration of acid-suppressing medications, alterations of serum gastrin levels, and the potential for tumor promotion is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Antacids; Carcinogenicity Tests; Humans; Mutagenicity Tests
PubMed: 7644566
DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(95)98596-i -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024The misuse of growth-promoting drugs such as beta-2 agonists and steroids is a known problem in farming and sports competitions. Prior to the analysis of biological... (Review)
Review
The misuse of growth-promoting drugs such as beta-2 agonists and steroids is a known problem in farming and sports competitions. Prior to the analysis of biological samples via liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) or gas chromatography (GC)-MS, sufficient sample preparation is required to reliably identify or determine the residues of drugs. In practice, broad screening methods are often used to save time and analyze as many compounds as possible. This review was conceptualized to analyze the literature from 2018 until October 2023 for sample preparation procedures applied to animal specimens before LC- or GC-MS analysis. The animals were either used in farming or sports. In the present review, solid phase extraction (SPE) was observed as the dominant sample clean-up technique for beta-2 agonists and steroids, followed by protein precipitation. For the extraction of beta-2 agonists, mixed-mode cation exchanger-based SPE phases were preferably applied, while for the steroids, various types of SPE materials were reported. Furthermore, dispersive SPE-based QuEChERs were utilized. Combinatory use of SPE and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was observed to cover further drug classes in addition to beta-2 agonists in broader screening methods.
Topics: Animals; Agriculture; Farms; Anesthetics, Local; Antacids; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Mammals; Steroids
PubMed: 38257243
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020330 -
The Journal of Pediatrics Sep 2013
Review
Topics: Antacids; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Humans; Inappropriate Prescribing; Pediatrics; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Risk Factors; United States
PubMed: 23759424
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.04.047 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Sep 2009Dietary Si (orthosilicic acid; OSA) appears important in connective tissue health, and although the sources and intakes of Si are well established, its absorption is... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Dietary Si (orthosilicic acid; OSA) appears important in connective tissue health, and although the sources and intakes of Si are well established, its absorption is not. Si absorption was measured from eight high-Si-containing sources: alcohol-free beer; OSA solution (positive control); bananas; green beans; supplemental choline-stabilised OSA (ChOSA); supplemental monomethyl silanetriol (MMST); supplemental colloidal silica (CS); magnesium trisilicate British Pharmacopoeia antacid (MTBP). Two of the supplements and the antacid were pre-selected following an in vitro dissolution assay. Fasting, healthy subjects (CS, n 3; others, n > or = 5) each ingested two of the sources separated by a 1-week wash-out period. Blood and urine were collected and measured for total Si concentrations by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Absorption, based on urinary Si excretion, was highest for MMST and alcohol-free beer (64% of dose), followed by green beans (44%), OSA (43%), ChOSA (17%), bananas and MTBP (4%) and CS (1%). Peak serum concentrations occurred by 0.5 h for MMST and green beans, 1.5 h for OSA and alcohol-free beer, 2 h for ChOSA and CS, and 4 h for MTBP. Area under the serum curves correlated positively with urinary Si output (r 0.82; P < 0.0001). Absorption of Si from supplements and antacids was consistent with their known chemical speciation and kinetics of dissolution under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Monomeric silicates were readily absorbed, while particulate silicates were decreasingly well absorbed with increasing polymerisation. The present results highlight the need to allow for relative absorption of Si from different foods or supplements in subsequent epidemiological and intervention studies.
Topics: Adult; Antacids; Beer; Biological Availability; Dietary Supplements; Fabaceae; Female; Food Analysis; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Musa; Silicon; Solubility; Young Adult
PubMed: 19356271
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509311757 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Aug 1987
Review
Topics: Acute Disease; Antacids; Histamine H2 Antagonists; Humans; Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage; Stomach Ulcer; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 2888512
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.295.6594.348 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy May 1999The pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin (400 mg orally) and the influence of the antacid aluminum magnesium hydroxide (20 ml of Maalox 70) on the bioavailability of... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
The pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin (400 mg orally) and the influence of the antacid aluminum magnesium hydroxide (20 ml of Maalox 70) on the bioavailability of gatifloxacin in 24 healthy volunteers were assessed. In an open, randomized, six-period crossover study, the volunteers received either gatifloxacin alone (treatments A and D); aluminum magnesium hydroxide concomitant with gatifloxacin (treatment C); or aluminum magnesium hydroxide 2 h before (treatment B), 2 h after (treatment E), or 4 h after gatifloxacin administration (treatment F). Gatifloxacin concentrations were measured by a validated bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetics of a single 400-mg dose of gatifloxacin alone were characterized as follows (mean +/- standard deviation): peak concentration (Cmax), 3.8 +/- 0. 5 (treatment A) and 3.4 +/- 0.9 (treatment D) microgram/ml; time to Cmax, 1.4 +/- 0.8 (treatment A) and 1.7 +/- 0.7 (treatment D) h; area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-infinity), 33. 5 +/- 5.9 (treatment A) and 31.4 +/- 3.4 (treatment D) microgram. h/ml; urine recovery, (83 +/- 6)% (treatment A) and (84 +/- 8)% (treatment D). Comparison of the results obtained by bioassay showed a good correlation. Aluminum magnesium hydroxide administration 2 h before (treatment B) or concomitant with (treatment C) gatifloxacin decreased the Cmax by 45% (2.1 +/- 1.2 microgram/ml) or even 68% (1.2 +/- 0.4 microgram/ml) highly significantly (P < 0.01). AUC0-infinity was significantly reduced from 33.5 +/- 5.9 to 19.4 +/- 6.9 microgram. h/ml (by 42%) or even to 11.9 +/- 3.3 microgram. h/ml (by 64%) (P < 0. 01). If aluminum magnesium hydroxide was given 2 h after gatifloxacin (treatment E), there was no significant reduction of concentration in serum but AUC0-infinity was significantly reduced from 31.4 +/- 3.4 to 25.9 +/- 5.3 microgram. h/ml (18%) (P < 0.01). Aluminum magnesium hydroxide given 4 h after gatifloxacin (treatment F) showed no influence on the gatifloxacin pharmacokinetics. Therefore, the optimal time between gatifloxacin application and the intake of an aluminum-containing antacid should be 4 h.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Aluminum Hydroxide; Antacids; Anti-Infective Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cross-Over Studies; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Fluoroquinolones; Gatifloxacin; Humans; Magnesium Hydroxide
PubMed: 10223915
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.43.5.1067 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Sep 2010To assess the antacid effects of the tonic Chinese herbal prescriptions, si-jun-zi-tang (SJZT) and shen-ling-bai-zhu-san (SLBZS).
AIM
To assess the antacid effects of the tonic Chinese herbal prescriptions, si-jun-zi-tang (SJZT) and shen-ling-bai-zhu-san (SLBZS).
METHODS
Decoctions of the tonic Chinese herbal prescriptions, SJZT and SLBZS, were prepared according to Chinese original documents. The pH of the prescription decoctions and their neutralizing effects on artificial gastric acids were determined and compared with water and the active controls, sodium bicarbonate and colloidal aluminum phosphate. A modified model of Vatier's artificial stomach was used to determine the duration of consistent neutralization effect on artificial gastric acids. The neutralization capacity in vitro was determined with the titration method of Fordtran's model.
RESULTS
The results showed that both SJZT and SLBZS have antacid effects in vitro. Compared with the water group, SJZT and SLBZS were found to possess significant gastric acid neutralizing effects. The duration for consistent neutralization of SLBZS was significantly longer than that of water. Also, SLBZS and SJZT exhibited significant antacid capacities compared to water.
CONCLUSION
SJZT and SLBZS were consistently active in the artificial stomach model and are suggested to have antacid effects similar to the active control drugs.
Topics: Animals; Antacids; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Models, Biological; Stomach
PubMed: 20845514
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i35.4455 -
BMC Gastroenterology Jul 2016Approximately half of the world's population is infected with Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori), a bacterium shown to be linked with a series of gastrointestinal diseases.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Approximately half of the world's population is infected with Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori), a bacterium shown to be linked with a series of gastrointestinal diseases. A growing number of systematic reviews (SRs) have been published comparing the effectiveness of different treatments for H.pylori infection but have not reached a consistent conclusion. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of SRs of pharmacological therapies for the eradication of H.pylori.
METHODS
Major electronic databases were searched to identify relevant SRs published between 2002 and February 2016. Studies were considered eligible if they included RCTs comparing different pharmacological regimens for treating patients diagnosed as H.pylori infected and pooled the eradication rates in a meta-analysis. A modified version of the 'A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews' (AMSTAR) was used to assess the methodological quality. A Bayesian random effects network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to compare the different proton pump inhibitors (PPI) within triple therapy.
RESULTS
30 SRs with pairwise meta-analysis were included. In triple therapy, the NMA ranked the esomeprazole to be the most effective PPI, followed by rabeprazole, while no difference was observed among the three old generations of PPI for the eradication of H.pylori. When comparing triple and bismuth-based therapy, the relative effectiveness appeared to be dependent on the choice of antibiotics within the triple therapy; moxifloxacin or levofloxacin-based triple therapy were both associated with greater effectiveness than bismuth-based therapy as a second-line treatment, while bismuth-based therapy achieved similar or greater eradication rate compared to clarithromycin-based therapy. Inconsistent findings were reported regarding the use of levofloxacin/moxifloxacin in the first-line treatment; this could be due to the varied resistant rate to different antibiotics across regions and populations. Critical appraisal showed a low-moderate level of overall methodological quality of included studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Our analysis suggests that the new generation of PPIs and use of moxifloxacin or levofloxacin within triple therapy as second-line treatment were associated with greater effectiveness. Given the varied antibiotic resistant rate across regions, the appropriateness of pooling results together in meta-analysis should be carefully considered and the recommendation of the choice of antibiotics should be localized.
Topics: Antacids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bismuth; Drug Therapy, Combination; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Histamine H2 Antagonists; Humans; Network Meta-Analysis; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Proton Pump Inhibitors
PubMed: 27460211
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0491-7 -
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Sep 1990Fifty-three patients with symptomatic reflux oesophagitis were entered into a single centre randomized study comparing the effects of a dimethicone/antacid (Asilone Gel)... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
Fifty-three patients with symptomatic reflux oesophagitis were entered into a single centre randomized study comparing the effects of a dimethicone/antacid (Asilone Gel) and an alginate/antacid (Gaviscon liquid) on symptoms and endoscopic changes over an 8-week period. Both treatments significantly improved heartburn, acid regurgitation and flatulence. Dimethicone/antacid but not alginate/antacid, produced a significant improvement in oesophagitis, oesophageal ulceration and histological grade of inflammation over the 8-week treatment period so that 14 patients treated with dimethicone/antacid and 10 with alginate/antacid had normal endoscopic oesophageal appearances at the end of the study. The difference in improvement between the two patient groups did not reach significance however, except for dimethicone/antacid improving histological changes (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest that dimethicone/antacid and alginate/antacid are equally effective in treating symptomatic reflux oesophagitis although dimethicone/antacid may have an advantage in improving oesophageal histological appearances.
Topics: Adult; Alginates; Aluminum Hydroxide; Antacids; Bicarbonates; Dimethylpolysiloxanes; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Esophagitis, Peptic; Esophagus; Female; Humans; Magnesium Oxide; Male; Silicic Acid; Simethicone; Sodium Bicarbonate
PubMed: 2213800
DOI: 10.1177/014107689008300907