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Proceedings of the National Academy of... Nov 1985To determine the physiological significance of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the control of pituitary hormone secretion, highly specific antibodies directed...
To determine the physiological significance of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the control of pituitary hormone secretion, highly specific antibodies directed against the peptide were injected either intravenously or intraventricularly (third ventricle) and the effect on plasma levels of pituitary hormones was determined before and after application of ether stress for 1 min. The intravenous injection of CRF antiserum (0.5 ml) did not significantly alter basal corticotropin (ACTH) levels in freely moving ovariectomized rats but largely blocked the increase in plasma ACTH resulting from ether stress. These antibodies had no effect on the ether-induced decline in plasma growth hormone (GH), and they failed to modify plasma luteinizing hormone levels. In a second experiment, CRF antiserum (3 microliter) or normal rabbit serum was injected into the third ventricle. A blood sample was drawn 24 hr later and immediately thereafter another injection of CRF antiserum or normal rabbit serum was made. There was no modification in the level of any of the hormones 24 hr after the first injections, and they were similar in CRF antiserum and normal rabbit serum-injected animals. After imposition of ether stress, the response of plasma ACTH was nearly completely blocked by the intraventricular CRF antiserum, but the degree of blockade was slightly less than that obtained by intravenous injection. The decline in plasma GH after ether stress was blocked by the intraventricular CRF antiserum. There was no effect of the intraventricular injection of the antiserum on the levels of the other pituitary hormones. The results with intravenous injection of the antisera indicate that CRF plays an extremely important but probably not completely indispensable role in the release of ACTH after ether stress. The results of the intraventricular injection of the antiserum suggest strongly that endogenous CRF may also modify its own release in response to stress, augmenting it by a positive ultrashort loop feedback, and that the antisera against the peptide blocked this action; however, an action at the pituitary of these intraventricularly injected antibodies cannot be completely ruled out. The blockade of the stress-induced suppression of GH release by the CRF antibodies suggests that CRF released intrahypothalamically during ether stress brings about an alteration in the hypothalamic control of GH secretion such that the stress-induced inhibition of GH release is blocked.
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Ether; Female; Growth Hormone; Immune Sera; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Intraventricular; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 2999777
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.22.7787 -
Transactions of the American Clinical... 1988
Review
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Forecasting; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunization, Passive; Injections, Intravenous
PubMed: 3332516
DOI: No ID Found -
Applied Microbiology Jun 1972A comparative study was made of the single radial immunodiffusion test and the classical quantitative precipitin test for determining the amount of precipitable... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
A comparative study was made of the single radial immunodiffusion test and the classical quantitative precipitin test for determining the amount of precipitable antibodies present in streptococcal groups A and C antisera. The potency of 21 group A and 54 group C antisera was determined by both methods; purified group-specific carbohydrates were used as antigens. The coefficient of correlation between the results from the two methods was 0.976 for group A antisera and 0.946 for group C antisera. When the concentration of antigen, the volume of antiserum used, and the depth of the antigen-agar mixture are kept constant, the diameter of the precipitin disc is directly related to the concentration of precipitable antibodies present in the antiserum. The use of the radial immunodiffusion test for evaluating and standardizing streptococcal grouping antisera is discussed as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using a concentrated vaccine for producing these antisera.
Topics: Agar; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Carbohydrates; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Methods; Precipitin Tests; Precipitins; Rabbits; Serotyping; Streptococcus
PubMed: 4625339
DOI: 10.1128/am.23.6.1047-1052.1972 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases May 2024Snakebite envenomation inflicts a high burden of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Antivenoms are the mainstay in the therapy of envenomation, and there is... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparison of the intrageneric neutralization scope of monospecific, bispecific/monogeneric and polyspecific/monogeneric antisera raised in horses immunized with sub-Saharan African snake venoms.
BACKGROUND
Snakebite envenomation inflicts a high burden of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Antivenoms are the mainstay in the therapy of envenomation, and there is an urgent need to develop antivenoms of broad neutralizing efficacy for this region. The venoms used as immunogens to manufacture snake antivenoms are normally selected considering their medical importance and availability. Additionally, their ability to induce antibody responses with high neutralizing capability should be considered, an issue that involves the immunization scheme and the animal species being immunized.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Using the lethality neutralization assay in mice, we compared the intrageneric neutralization scope of antisera generated by immunization of horses with monospecific, bispecific/monogeneric, and polyspecific/monogeneric immunogens formulated with venoms of Bitis spp., Echis spp., Dendroaspis spp., spitting Naja spp. or non-spitting Naja spp. It was found that the antisera raised by all the immunogens were able to neutralize the homologous venoms and, with a single exception, the heterologous congeneric venoms (considering spitting and non-spitting Naja separately). In general, the polyspecific antisera of Bitis spp, Echis spp, and Dendroaspis spp gave the best neutralization profile against venoms of these genera. For spitting Naja venoms, there were no significant differences in the neutralizing ability between monospecific, bispecific and polyspecific antisera. A similar result was obtained in the case of non-spitting Naja venoms, except that polyspecific antiserum was more effective against the venoms of N. melanoleuca and N. nivea as compared to the monospecific antiserum.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
The use of polyspecific immunogens is the best alternative to produce monogeneric antivenoms with wide neutralizing coverage against venoms of sub-Saharan African snakes of the Bitis, Echis, Naja (non-spitting) and Dendroaspis genera. On the other hand, a monospecific immunogen composed of venom of Naja nigricollis is suitable to produce a monogeneric antivenom with wide neutralizing coverage against venoms of spitting Naja spp. These findings can be used in the design of antivenoms of wide neutralizing scope for sub-Saharan Africa.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Antivenins; Mice; Neutralization Tests; Africa South of the Sahara; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Snake Venoms; Immune Sera; Elapid Venoms; Snake Bites
PubMed: 38809847
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012187 -
Journal of Virology Feb 2003Virion host shutoff (vhs) is a 58-kDa protein encoded by the UL41 gene of herpes simplex virus (HSV). vhs resides within the tegument of HSV, enters the cell cytoplasm...
Virion host shutoff (vhs) is a 58-kDa protein encoded by the UL41 gene of herpes simplex virus (HSV). vhs resides within the tegument of HSV, enters the cell cytoplasm at infection, and destabilizes host cell and viral mRNA. Late in infection, vhs must be assembled into the tegument of progeny virions, a poorly understood process. Using an anti-vhs antiserum and Western blotting of total cell or cytoplasmic extracts, we found that vhs is largely insoluble in HSV-infected cells, even in the presence of high levels of salt and the detergent Triton X-100. Furthermore, a subpopulation of vhs appears to be associated with detergent-insoluble lipid rafts and this raft population is enriched in a cytoplasmic fraction which contains assembling and mature HSV particles. Our data raise the possibility that HSV tegument polypeptides associate with membrane rafts, in common with the matrix proteins of a number of other viruses.
Topics: Animals; COS Cells; Chlorocebus aethiops; Glycolipids; Immune Sera; Membrane Microdomains; Ribonucleases; Simplexvirus; Solubility; Vero Cells; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 12525638
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.3.2038-2045.2003 -
Immunology Feb 1965Antiserum prepared by immunization of rabbits with chymotrypsinogen A reacted in equal titre with the proenzyme and alpha, beta, delta and gamma chymotrypsin in...
Antiserum prepared by immunization of rabbits with chymotrypsinogen A reacted in equal titre with the proenzyme and alpha, beta, delta and gamma chymotrypsin in serological tests. Inactivation of the four enzymes by diisopropyl-fluorophosphate did not diminish their precipitability. Immunodiffusion tests in gel plates with the proenzyme produced a single precipitin band which merged without spur formation with the bands produced by each of the native and inactivated enzymes. The antiserum partially inhibited activation of the zymogen by trypsin. The proteolytic activity of each of the four chymotrypsins was also inhibited by the antiserum.
Topics: Animals; Chymotrypsin; Chymotrypsinogen; Enzyme Precursors; Immune Sera; Immunization; Immunodiffusion; Rabbits; Research; Vaccination
PubMed: 14295638
DOI: No ID Found -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 1966
Topics: Adrenalectomy; Animals; Desoxycorticosterone; Hydrocortisone; Immune Sera; Immune Tolerance; Lymphocytes; Mice; Rabbits; Radiation Effects; Skin Transplantation; Thymectomy; Thymus Gland; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 5339289
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.56.4.1130 -
Infection and Immunity Dec 1985Antisera raised against several smooth and rough strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were tested against lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of homologous and...
Antisera raised against several smooth and rough strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were tested against lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of homologous and heterologous strains. The LPS were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose paper, and overlaid with antisera. The results showed that antisera raised against smooth strains reacted with high- as well as low-molecular-weight bands of their corresponding LPS and showed very few cross-reactions. Anti-E. coli J5 antiserum cross-reacted with few strains in the core region. But, anti-S. typhimurium Ra antiserum cross-reacted with many more strains. When these sera were absorbed with either the homologous- or a heterologous-positive strain, reactions were abolished. It appears that reactions of anti-E. coli J5 antiserum and anti-S. typhimurium Ra antiserum with homologous and heterologous strains were not due to the same antibody. This immunoblotting technique proved to be a useful method to distinguish different antibodies in antiserum raised against LPS of gram-negative bacteria.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Immune Sera; Immunologic Techniques; Lipopolysaccharides; Molecular Weight; Rabbits; Salmonella typhimurium
PubMed: 3905612
DOI: 10.1128/iai.50.3.716-720.1985 -
Endocrinologia Japonica Aug 1991An attempt was made to develop immunologic probes directed against follistatin/activin-binding protein (ABP), for use in investigating the distribution of ABP in various...
An attempt was made to develop immunologic probes directed against follistatin/activin-binding protein (ABP), for use in investigating the distribution of ABP in various tissues. Five oligopeptides corresponding to different regions of the predicted ABP amino acid sequence (peptides 1-12, 28-43, 123-134, 270-281 and 300-315) were synthesized chemically, and coupled to Limulus polyphemus hemolymph hemocyanin. The peptide-hemocyanin conjugates were then used to immunize rabbits, and the immunoresponses were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reactivity of the antipeptide antisera with ABP was determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis. All of the peptides produced immune responses. The antiserum to peptide 123-134 recognized all forms of ABP, whereas the antiserum to peptide 300-315 reacted specifically and sensitively with the long forms of ABP. These two antisera exhibited only a limited cross-reaction with other proteins or none at all. Therefore, they will be useful for studying the distribution of ABP in various tissues.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibody Formation; Antibody Specificity; Cross Reactions; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Follistatin; Glycoproteins; Immune Sera; Immunization; Molecular Sequence Data; Rabbits
PubMed: 1802678
DOI: 10.1507/endocrj1954.38.377 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Dec 1973Bacterial lipopolysaccharides from dead bacteria have been blamed for the continuing high mortality from gram-negative infections despite antibiotic treatment. Because...
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides from dead bacteria have been blamed for the continuing high mortality from gram-negative infections despite antibiotic treatment. Because animal antiserum against these lipopolysaccharides has been shown to protect against several of the effects of endotoxin, we undertook the development of antiserum in human subjects. 21 men were immunized with a single injection of Salmonclla typhimurium or Escherichia coli 0:111 heat-killed cells and immune serum was collected at 2 wk. Preimmune serum was obtained as a control in all animal experiments. 1 ml antiserum given intravenously protected mice against a lethal intravenous dose of homologous endotoxin (P < 0.005 for both antisera). E. coli antiserum reduced the incidence of positive local Shwartzman reactions with E. coli endotoxin from 100 to 38%; S. typhimurium antiserum reduced the incidence from 92 to 35%. (P < 0.0005 for both antisera). There was no protection against heterologous endotoxin in either animal model. These experiments demonstrate for the first time that human antiserum confers exceedingly potent passive immunity to the effects of endotoxin.
Topics: Antitoxins; Bacterial Vaccines; Endotoxins; Escherichia coli; Immune Sera; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Lipopolysaccharides; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Salmonella typhimurium; Shock, Septic; Shwartzman Phenomenon
PubMed: 4584346
DOI: 10.1172/JCI107524