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British Medical Journal Dec 1967
Topics: Animals; Aphthovirus; Cattle; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Humans
PubMed: 4293988
DOI: No ID Found -
Research in Microbiology 1990Four categories of viral epitopes can be distinguished that have been designated cryptotopes, neotopes, metatopes and neutralization epitopes. Specific examples of each... (Review)
Review
Four categories of viral epitopes can be distinguished that have been designated cryptotopes, neotopes, metatopes and neutralization epitopes. Specific examples of each epitope type are presented and the methods used for locating their positions in viral proteins are described. The epitopes of four well-characterized viruses, namely poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, influenza virus and tobacco mosaic virus are briefly described.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Aphthovirus; B-Lymphocytes; Epitopes; Humans; Poliovirus; Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Viral Proteins; Viruses
PubMed: 1714092
DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(90)90106-z -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 1997A review of epidemics of foot and mouth disease (FMD) has highlighted the important role which raw (untreated) milk can play in the spread of the disease in a country... (Review)
Review
A review of epidemics of foot and mouth disease (FMD) has highlighted the important role which raw (untreated) milk can play in the spread of the disease in a country which is normally free of FMD and whose cattle are not routinely vaccinated. The greatest hazard is likely to be in the early stages of an outbreak, before disease control measures have been implemented. The spread of FMD through milk can be prevented by the effective application of control measures combined with 'codes of practice' for the treatment of potentially infected milk. The author considers the probable mechanisms of transmission of FMD by milk and dairy products. These mechanisms are based on the quantities of virus excreted in milk, the survival of the virus under various management and manufacturing conditions and the minimum doses required to initiate infection in susceptible animals by different routes. The key points for consideration when making a risk assessment of the importation of milk and dairy products are also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Aphthovirus; Cattle; Dairy Products; Food Microbiology; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Humans; Milk; Risk Factors; Transportation; Vaccination
PubMed: 9329112
DOI: 10.20506/rst.16.1.1013 -
Microbes and Infection Aug 2002Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. Seven distinct serotypes, each including a wide range of variants,... (Review)
Review
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. Seven distinct serotypes, each including a wide range of variants, have been defined. FMD, affects wild and domesticated ruminants and pigs, is difficult to control and is the major constraint to international trade in livestock and animal products. After the acute stage of infection, FMDV may cause a prolonged, asymptomatic but persistent infection in ruminants. Also, vaccinated or naturally immune animals subsequently exposed to live virus may become persistently infected (the so-called carriers), a situation which can result in export embargoes if vaccination is included in a country's control policy.
Topics: Animals; Carrier State; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Interferons; Pharynx
PubMed: 12191660
DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01634-9 -
Veterinary Research Oct 2015Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader protein (L(pro)) is a papain-like proteinase, which plays an important role in FMDV pathogenesis. L(pro) exists as two forms,... (Review)
Review
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader protein (L(pro)) is a papain-like proteinase, which plays an important role in FMDV pathogenesis. L(pro) exists as two forms, Lab and Lb, due to translation being initiated from two different start codons separated by 84 nucleotides. L(pro) self-cleaves from the nascent viral polyprotein precursor as the first mature viral protein. In addition to its role as a viral proteinase, L(pro) also has the ability to antagonize host antiviral effects. To promote FMDV replication, L(pro) can suppress host antiviral responses by three different mechanisms: (1) cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 γ (eIF4G) to shut off host protein synthesis; (2) inhibition of host innate immune responses through restriction of interferon-α/β production; and (3) L(pro) can also act as a deubiquitinase and catalyze deubiquitination of innate immune signaling molecules. In the light of recent functional and biochemical findings regarding L(pro), this review introduces the basic properties of L(pro) and the mechanisms by which it antagonizes host antiviral responses.
Topics: Animals; Artiodactyla; Endopeptidases; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Immunity, Innate
PubMed: 26511922
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0273-1 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Dec 2002Japan regained the status of freedom from foot and mouth disease (FMD) without vaccination in September 2000 and the Republic of Korea likewise obtained this status in... (Review)
Review
Japan regained the status of freedom from foot and mouth disease (FMD) without vaccination in September 2000 and the Republic of Korea likewise obtained this status in September 2001. However, new outbreaks of FMD caused by the pan-Asian topotype have occurred in pigs in the Republic of Korea since May 2002. Taipei China has not experienced an outbreak of FMD since February 2001 and the country is currently implementing an eradication programme. These countries had been free from FMD for many decades when in 1997, the FMD virus (FMDV) once again invaded the region, particularly in 2000; this resulted in widespread occurrence of the disease. The types of FMDV were investigated by genome analysis, and in each case the virus concerned was found to be a member of the pan-Asian O lineage. The authors present the recent situations and the characteristics of FMD in countries of east Asia.
Topics: Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Asia, Eastern; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 12523687
DOI: 10.20506/rst.21.3.1347 -
Journal of Virology Feb 1987A guanidine-resistant mutant of the attenuated strain of aphthovirus type 01 strain Campos and the original wild-type strain were crossed to generate recombinant...
A guanidine-resistant mutant of the attenuated strain of aphthovirus type 01 strain Campos and the original wild-type strain were crossed to generate recombinant viruses. Two independently derived recombinant viruses were isolated. One isolate (RI) contained the P1 (structural proteins) gene region of attenuated strain and P3 (polymerase precursor) gene region of the wild-type strain. The other isolate (RII) had a genomic structure complementary to that of RI, this is, P1 of the wild-type strain and P3 of the attenuated virus. Recombinant RII inherited some in vitro phenotypic markers that were characteristic of the attenuated strain, whereas the RI recombinant had in vitro behavior that was similar to that of the wild-type strain. The data obtained suggest that the polymerase precursor (P3) of the attenuated strain (01 Campos) could be involved in the determination of the attenuated phenotype for fetal bovine kidney cells and, eventually, for cattle.
Topics: Animals; Aphthovirus; Cell Line; Cricetinae; Genes; Genes, Viral; Kidney; Kinetics; Recombination, Genetic; Species Specificity; Transcription, Genetic; Viral Plaque Assay; Viral Proteins; Virulence
PubMed: 3027372
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.61.2.419-425.1987 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Dec 1999In Zambia, foot and mouth disease (FMD) has been caused by all three of the South African Territories serotypes (SAT 1, 2 and 3) and by European types O and A. Three... (Review)
Review
In Zambia, foot and mouth disease (FMD) has been caused by all three of the South African Territories serotypes (SAT 1, 2 and 3) and by European types O and A. Three areas of the country which have experienced repeated occurrences of the disease are considered high-risk areas. The three areas are as follows: the southern border area between Zambia and Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia, the Kafue Flats and the northern border with Tanzania in the Nakonde and Mbala districts. The transfer mechanism of the virus is poorly understood but the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is considered to be the natural host, acting as a reservoir of infection for the SAT types of the virus. Cattle are known to be carriers of the virus for up to two and a half years and individual semi-domesticated buffalo have been reported to act as carriers for up to five years. In wild herds of buffalo, the virus has been recorded for periods of up to twenty-five years. Current control measures include mass vaccination of cattle in high-risk areas and restrictions on the movement of cattle from areas in which contact exists with buffalo. New protocols should be developed for the prevention and control of FMD, including the enforcement of livestock movement control, improved disease surveillance and reporting, and the monitoring of FMD virus in carrier cattle and buffalo. These measures will contribute towards building the confidence of the regulatory bodies of importing countries in the region.
Topics: Animals; Aphthovirus; Buffaloes; Carrier State; Cattle; Disease Reservoirs; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Zambia
PubMed: 10588002
DOI: 10.20506/rst.18.3.1182 -
Journal of Virology Oct 1985Structural protein complexes sedimenting at 140S, 70S (empty capsids), and 14S were isolated from foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells. The empty capsids were...
Structural protein complexes sedimenting at 140S, 70S (empty capsids), and 14S were isolated from foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells. The empty capsids were stable, while 14S complexes were relatively short-lived. Radioimmune binding assays involving the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to six distinct epitopes on type A12 virus and polyclonal antisera to A12 structural proteins demonstrated that native empty capsids were indistinguishable from virus. Infected cell 14S particles possessed all the neutralizing epitopes and reacted with VP2 antiserum. Cell-free structural protein complexes sedimenting at 110S, 60S, and 14S containing capsid proteins VP0, VP3, and VP1 are assembled in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate programmed with foot-and-mouth viral RNA. These structures also contain the six epitopes, and cell-free 14S structures like their in vivo counterparts reacted with VP2 antiserum. Capsid structures from infected cells and the cell-free complexes adsorbed to susceptible cells, and this binding was inhibited, to various degrees, by saturating levels of unlabeled virus. These assays and other biochemical evidence indicate that capsid assembly in the cell-free system resembles viral morphogenesis in infected cells. In addition, epitopes on the virus surface possibly involved in interaction with cellular receptor sites are found early in virion morphogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Viral; Aphthovirus; Capsid; Cell-Free System; Epitopes; Macromolecular Substances; Morphogenesis; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA, Viral; Rabbits; Receptors, Virus; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 2411948
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.56.1.120-126.1985 -
Journal of Virology May 2017Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), particularly strains of the O and SAT serotypes, is notoriously unstable. Consequently, vaccines derived from heat-labile SAT...
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), particularly strains of the O and SAT serotypes, is notoriously unstable. Consequently, vaccines derived from heat-labile SAT viruses have been linked to the induction of immunity with a poor duration and hence require more frequent vaccinations to ensure protection. calculations predicted residue substitutions that would increase interactions at the interpentamer interface, supporting increased stability. We assessed the stability of the 18 recombinant mutant viruses in regard to their growth kinetics, antigenicity, plaque morphology, genetic stability, and temperature, ionic, and pH stability by using Thermofluor and inactivation assays in order to evaluate potential SAT2 vaccine candidates with improved stability. The most stable mutant for temperature and pH stability was the S2093Y single mutant, while other promising mutants were the E3198A, L2094V, and S2093H single mutants and the F2062Y-H2087M-H3143V triple mutant. Although the S2093Y mutant had the greatest stability, it exhibited smaller plaques, a reduced growth rate, a change in monoclonal antibody footprint, and poor genetic stability properties compared to those of the wild-type virus. However, these factors affecting production can be overcome. The addition of 1 M NaCl was found to further increase the stability of the SAT2 panel of viruses. The S2093Y and S2093H mutants were selected for future use in stabilizing SAT2 vaccines. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious acute vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed livestock and wildlife. The control of the disease by vaccination is essential, especially at livestock-wildlife interfaces. The instability of some serotypes, such as SAT2, affects the quality of vaccines and therefore the duration of immunity. We have shown that we can improve the stability of SAT2 viruses by mutating residues at the capsid interface through predictive modeling. This is an important finding for the potential use of such mutants in improving the stability of SAT2 vaccines in countries where FMD is endemic, which rely heavily on the maintenance of the cold chain, with potential improvement to the duration of immune responses.
Topics: Amino Acid Substitution; Animals; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Genomic Instability; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Ions; Kinetics; Mutation; Serogroup; Sodium Chloride; Temperature; Vaccine Potency; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 28298597
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02312-16