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Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Dec 1993The authors discuss the risk assessment conducted by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) on the importation of milk and milk products (excluding... (Review)
Review
The authors discuss the risk assessment conducted by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) on the importation of milk and milk products (excluding cheese) from countries not free from foot and mouth disease (FMD). This assessment was undertaken in response to requests from countries wishing to export dairy products for sale on the Australian market. AQIS conducted a public consultation on the proposal, in line with Australian Government policy on transparency and accountability in the quarantine decision-making process. The authors examine the procedures involved in the investigation of the likely presence of FMD virus in milk of vaccinated and non-vaccinated cows, and of the heat treatment parameters effective in the inactivation of the virus. The data provide a useful aid in the assessment of the risk factors associated with the importation of milk and milk products, and in the development of quarantine conditions for importation.
Topics: Animals; Aphthovirus; Australia; Carrier State; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairy Products; Disease Outbreaks; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Milk; Risk Factors; Vaccination
PubMed: 8312615
DOI: 10.20506/rst.12.4.739 -
Archives of Razi Institute Jun 2022Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly transmissible disease caused by of the family . This study aimed to investigate the serological approach (non-structural...
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly transmissible disease caused by of the family . This study aimed to investigate the serological approach (non-structural protein [NSP] analysis) of 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to diagnose FMD cattle in vaccinated and unvaccinated animals. A total of 84 serum specimens, including non-vaccinated, single-vaccinated, and multi-vaccinated samples, were collected from four districts in Baghdad Province, Iraq, to evaluate the antibodies to NSP of the FMD virus. The ELISA was used to detect antibodies (NSP) of FMDV in the serum of cattle. The result showed that the seroprevalence was estimated at 34% (29/84) in farm animals. The seroprevalence rates of FMD in relation to the age of infected animals were obtained at 21%, 7%, and 6% in 9-23-, 24-36-, and ≥ 36-month-old groups, respectively. The consequences of the examination of the sera from naive, immunized, and non-immunized infected farm animals applying 3ABC-ELISA were presented; accordingly, the incidence rates of FMD infection in non-vaccinated and vaccinated animals were 18 (75%) and 11 (18%) respectively. Negative results were recorded in the immunized group 49 (82%) higher than in the non-immunized group 6 (25%). Evaluation of NSP antibodies to isolate vaccinated animals from infected ones showed that the application of these assays was significantly useful for FMD prevention and control management programs in infected areas.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Antibodies, Viral; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Foot-and-Mouth Disease
PubMed: 36618320
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.357621.2074 -
Archives of Razi Institute Nov 2021Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. The particular virus causing FMD disease is called FMD virus and is a...
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. The particular virus causing FMD disease is called FMD virus and is a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. The FMD virus has an 8500 nt long single strain positive RNA genome with one open reading frame (ORF) trapped in an icosahedral capsid protein. This virus genome doesn't have proofreading property which leads to high mutagenesis. It has seven serotypes, including O, A, ASIA, SAT1, SAT2, and C serotypes, as well as many subtypes. Iran is an endemic region for foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccination of susceptible animals with an inactivated whole-virus vaccine is the only way to control the epidemic in many developing countries. Today, conventionally attenuated and killed virus vaccines are being used worldwide. In Iran, animals have been vaccinated every 105 days with an inactivated FMD vaccine. Although commercially available FMD vaccines are effective, they provide short-term immunity requiring regular boosters. A new FMD vaccine is needed to improve immunization, safety, and long-term immune responses. A synthetic peptide vaccine is one of the safe and important vaccines. Peptide vaccine has low immunogenicity, requiring strong adjuvants. Nanoliposomes can be used as new adjuvants to improve immune response. In the current study, nanoliposomal carriers were selected using Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dimyristoyl phosphoglycerol (DMPG), and Cholesterol (Chol) as an adjuvant containing two immunodominant synthetic FMDV peptides. The liposomal formulations were characterized by various physicochemical properties. The size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were optimized, and the obtained nanoliposome was suitable as a vaccine. The efficacy of vaccines has been evaluated in guinea pigs as animal models. Indirect ELISA was used to detect FMDV-specific IgG. The obtained results indicated that although antibody titer was observed, the amount was lower compared to the groups that received inactivated virus-containing liposomes. In addition, the results showed that liposome was an appropriate adjuvant, compared to other adjuvants, such as Alum and Freund, and can act as a depot and induce an immune response.
Topics: Animals; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Guinea Pigs; Peptides; Vaccines, Inactivated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 35355777
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.352498.1566 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Sep 1992Foot and mouth disease (FMD) causes substantial economic losses to the predominantly agricultural community of the Kingdom of Nepal. FMD is endemic in the country and... (Review)
Review
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) causes substantial economic losses to the predominantly agricultural community of the Kingdom of Nepal. FMD is endemic in the country and four of the seven serotypes of FMD virus have been isolated (O, A, C and Asia 1). The epidemiology of FMD and the factors which play a role in its prevalence and spread are outlined. The National Epidemiological Laboratory for FMD has been established in Kathmandu and its diagnostic capabilities and activities are described. The important points to be considered in the formulation of any future regional or national control programme for FMD in Nepal are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Aphthovirus; Disease Outbreaks; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Nepal; Prevalence; Serotyping
PubMed: 1335303
DOI: 10.20506/rst.11.3.625 -
Veterinary Research 2001Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was the first animal virus identified. Since then, FMDV has become a model system in animal virology and a considerable amount of... (Review)
Review
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was the first animal virus identified. Since then, FMDV has become a model system in animal virology and a considerable amount of information on its structure, biology and vaccinology has been obtained. However, the disease that this virus produces (FMD) still constitutes one of the main animal health concerns. In this review, we have attempted to summarise the state of the knowledge in different basic and applied areas of FMDV research, with emphasis on those aspects relevant to the control of the disease.
Topics: Animals; Antigenic Variation; Antigens, Viral; Aphthovirus; Disease Outbreaks; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Genotype; Phenotype; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Vaccination
PubMed: 11254174
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2001106 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2005Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is genetically and phenotypically variable. As a typical RNA virus, FMDV follows a quasispecies dynamics, with the many biological... (Review)
Review
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is genetically and phenotypically variable. As a typical RNA virus, FMDV follows a quasispecies dynamics, with the many biological implications of such a dynamics. Mutant spectra provide a reservoir of FMDV variants, and minority subpopulations may become dominant in response to environmental demands or as a result of statistical fluctuations in population size. Accumulation of mutations in the FMDV genome occurs upon subjecting viral populations to repeated bottleneck events and upon viral replication in the presence of mutagenic base or nucleoside analogs. During serial bottleneck passages, FMDV survive during extended rounds of replication maintaining low average relative fitness, despite linear accumulation of mutations in the consensus genomic sequence. The critical event is the occurrence of a low frequency of compensatory mutations. In contrast, upon replication in the presence of mutagens, the complexity of mutant spectra increases, apparently no compensatory mutations can express their fitness-enhancing potential, and the virus can cross an error threshold for maintenance of genetic information, resulting in virus extinction. Low relative fitness and low viral load favor FMDV extinction in cell culture. The comparison of the molecular basis of resistance to extinction upon bottleneck passage and extinction by enhanced mutagenesis is providing new insights in the understanding of quasispecies dynamics. Such a comparison is contributing to the development of new antiviral strategies based on the transition of viral replication into error catastrophe.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Mutation; Ribavirin
PubMed: 15648178
DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27109-0_7 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jul 2000Since March 1997 two strains of foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus have found their way into Taiwan, causing severe outbreaks in pigs and in Chinese yellow cattle.... (Review)
Review
Since March 1997 two strains of foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus have found their way into Taiwan, causing severe outbreaks in pigs and in Chinese yellow cattle. Outbreaks occurred in March 1997 were caused by a pig-adapted virus strain (O/Taiwan/97) which did not infect other species of cloven-hoofed animals by natural route. The epidemic spread over the whole region of Taiwan within two months and the aftermath was 6,147 pig farms infected and 3,850,746 pigs destroyed. In June 1999, the second strain of FMD virus (O/Taiwan/99) was isolated from the Chinese yellow cattle in the Kinmen Prefecture and in the western part of Taiwan. By the end of 1999, Chinese yellow cattle were the only species infected and those infected cattle did not develop pathological lesions. Seroconversions of serum neutralization antibody and on non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies were the best indicators for infection in non-vaccinated herds. The infected animals, however, excreted infectious levels of virus to infect new hosts. Based on the detection of the specific antibody to FMD virus, and virus isolation from oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) fluid samples, ten herds of Chinese yellow cattle located in Kinmen and Taiwan were declared to have been infected. During the period of January to March 2000, however, five outbreaks caused by FMD virus similar to the O/Taiwan/99 virus occurred in four prefectures of Taiwan. The infected species included goats, Chinese yellow cattle and dairy cattle. Those outbreaks have caused high mortality in goat kids under two weeks old and also developed typical clinical signs of infection in dairy cattle.
Topics: Animals; Aphthovirus; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Disease Outbreaks; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Molecular Sequence Data; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taiwan
PubMed: 10945282
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.677 -
Cell Jul 1982The aphthovirus genome consists of a single molecule of single-stranded RNA that encodes all the virus-induced proteins. We isolated recombinant aphthoviruses from cells...
The aphthovirus genome consists of a single molecule of single-stranded RNA that encodes all the virus-induced proteins. We isolated recombinant aphthoviruses from cells simultaneously infected with temperature-sensitive mutants of two different subtype strains. Analysis of the proteins induced by 16 independently generated recombinants revealed two types of protein pattern, which were consistent with single genetic crossovers on the 5' side and 3' side, respectively, of the central P34-coding region. Recombinants invariably inherited all four coat proteins from the same parent, and novel recombinant proteins were not observed. RNAase T1 fingerprints of virus RNA, prepared from representatives of each recombinant type, confirmed the approximate crossover sites that had been deduced from the inheritance of proteins. These fingerprints provide molecular evidence of recombination at the level of RNA and demonstrate the potential of RNA recombination for producing genetic diversity among picornaviruses.
Topics: Aphthovirus; Mutation; Oligoribonucleotides; RNA, Viral; Recombination, Genetic; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 6295637
DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90454-8 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Sep 1996Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is the major disease barrier to international trade in animals and animal products. Countries free of the disease take severe measures to... (Review)
Review
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is the major disease barrier to international trade in animals and animal products. Countries free of the disease take severe measures to exclude the virus, to avoid the potentially devastating consequences of an outbreak, particularly for the animal export trade. Consequently, FMD-free countries either refuse to trade with sporadically or endemically infected countries, or else apply stringent and often expensive safeguards before agreeing to import animals or animal products. Technological advances can assist countries which are free of FMD to maintain this status. Such advances also aid countries in which the disease is sporadic or endemic, by accelerating the progress of control and eradication programmes. The authors review recent advances in tests for the diagnosis of FMD, in addition to advances in surveillance, vaccinology and information technology, i.e. computing and networking. Furthermore, the authors examine the application of these advances to improve programmes for the control and eradication of FMD, and identify the requirements for further research into the disease.
Topics: Animals; Aphthovirus; Disease Outbreaks; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; International Cooperation; Quality Control; Research; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 9025138
DOI: 10.20506/rst.15.3.957 -
FEBS Letters Aug 1991A computer-assisted comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences of (putative) thiol proteases encoded by the genomes of several diverse groups of positive-stranded...
Putative papain-related thiol proteases of positive-strand RNA viruses. Identification of rubi- and aphthovirus proteases and delineation of a novel conserved domain associated with proteases of rubi-, alpha- and coronaviruses.
A computer-assisted comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences of (putative) thiol proteases encoded by the genomes of several diverse groups of positive-stranded RNA viruses and distantly related to the family of cellular papain-like proteases is presented. A high level of similarity was detected between the leader protease of foot-and-mouth-disease virus and the protease of murine hepatitis coronavirus which cleaves the N-terminal p28 protein from the polyprotein. Statistically significant alignment of a portion of the rubella virus polyprotein with cellular papain-like proteases was obtained, leading to tentative identification of the papain-like protease as the enzyme mediating processing of the non-structural proteins of this virus. Specific grouping between the sequences of the proteases of alpha-viruses, and poty- and bymoviruses was revealed. It was noted that papain-like proteases of positive-stranded RNA viruses are much more variable both in their sequences and in genomic locations than chymotrypsin-related proteases found in the same virus class. A novel conserved domain of unknown function has also been identified which flanks the papain-like proteases of alpha-, rubi- and coronaviruses.
Topics: Alphavirus; Amino Acid Sequence; Aphthovirus; Coronaviridae; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Molecular Sequence Data; Papain; Plant Viruses; Protein Sorting Signals; RNA Viruses; Rubella virus; Sequence Alignment
PubMed: 1652473
DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81034-6