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International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2023PANoptosis is a newly defined programmed cell death (PCD) triggered by a series of stimuli, and it engages three well-learned PCD forms (pyroptosis, apoptosis,... (Review)
Review
PANoptosis is a newly defined programmed cell death (PCD) triggered by a series of stimuli, and it engages three well-learned PCD forms (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis) concomitantly. Normally, cell death is recognized as a strategy to eliminate unnecessary cells, inhibit the proliferation of invaded pathogens and maintain homeostasis; however, vigorous cell death can cause excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Acute lung injury (ALI) and chronic obstructive pulmonary syndrome (COPD) exacerbation is related to several pathogens (e.g., influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2) known to cause PANoptosis. An understanding of the mechanism and specific regulators may help to address the pathological systems of these diseases. This review presents our understanding of the potential mechanism of PANoptosis and the role of PANoptosis in different pulmonary diseases.
Topics: Humans; Apoptosis; Cell Death; Acute Lung Injury; Homeostasis; Inflammation; Pyroptosis
PubMed: 37895022
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015343 -
Biochemical and Biophysical Research... Dec 2022It is known that all living organisms are mortal. For many decades, the main interest of researchers has been focused on the investigation of proliferation,... (Review)
Review
It is known that all living organisms are mortal. For many decades, the main interest of researchers has been focused on the investigation of proliferation, differentiation and other fundamental cellular processes, completely ignoring the understanding of the mechanisms of cell elimination. Since the 60s-70s of the last century, a systematic study of cell death began, which is currently one of the most rapidly developing areas of biomedicine. Since this field of research is very wide, in these short notes we tried to discuss the hottest, but not all, topics that are of interest to many of our colleagues.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Death; Cell Differentiation
PubMed: 36344162
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.022 -
Apoptosis : An International Journal on... Aug 2022Programmed cell death is considered a key player in a variety of cellular processes that helps to regulate tissue growth, embryogenesis, cell turnover, immune response,... (Review)
Review
Programmed cell death is considered a key player in a variety of cellular processes that helps to regulate tissue growth, embryogenesis, cell turnover, immune response, and other biological processes. Among different types of cell death, apoptosis has been studied widely, especially in the field of cancer research to understand and analyse cellular mechanisms, and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest. Hallmarks of different types of cell death have been identified by following the patterns and events through microscopy. Identified biomarkers have also supported drug development to induce cell death in cancerous cells. There are various serological and microscopic techniques with advantages and limitations, that are available and are being utilized to detect and study the mechanism of cell death. The complexity of the mechanism and difficulties in distinguishing among different types of programmed cell death make it challenging to carry out the interventions and delay its progression. In this review, mechanisms of different forms of programmed cell death along with their conventional and unconventional methods of detection of have been critically reviewed systematically and categorized on the basis of morphological hallmarks and biomarkers to understand the principle, mechanism, application, advantages and disadvantages of each method. Furthermore, a very comprehensive comparative analysis has been drawn to highlight the most efficient and effective methods of detection of programmed cell death, helping researchers to make a reliable and prudent selection among the available methods of cell death assay. Conclusively, how programmed cell death detection methods can be improved and can provide information about distinctive stages of cell death detection have been discussed.
Topics: Apoptosis; Biomarkers; Cell Death; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35713779
DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01735-y -
Cells Sep 2021The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of... (Review)
Review
The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally promotes cell proliferation, and its deregulated activity is a hallmark of many cancers. Therefore, components and regulators of the ERK pathway are considered potential therapeutic targets for cancer, and inhibitors of this pathway, including some MEK and BRAF inhibitors, are already being used in the clinic. Notably, ERK1/2 kinases also have pro-apoptotic functions under certain conditions and enhanced ERK1/2 signaling can cause tumor cell death. Although the repertoire of the compounds which mediate ERK activation and apoptosis is expanding, and various anti-cancer compounds induce ERK activation while exerting their anti-proliferative effects, the mechanisms underlying ERK1/2-mediated cell death are still vague. Recent studies highlight the importance of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) in determining the pro- versus anti-apoptotic function of ERK in cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent major findings in understanding the role of ERK in apoptosis, focusing on the major compounds mediating ERK-dependent apoptosis. Studies that further define the molecular targets of these compounds relevant to cell death will be essential to harnessing these compounds for developing effective cancer treatments.
Topics: Apoptosis; Dual-Specificity Phosphatases; Humans; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Neoplasms; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34685488
DOI: 10.3390/cells10102509 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Osteoarthritis (OA) is a worldwide chronic disease that can cause severe inflammation to damage the surrounding tissue and cartilage. There are many different factors... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a worldwide chronic disease that can cause severe inflammation to damage the surrounding tissue and cartilage. There are many different factors that can lead to osteoarthritis, but abnormally progressed programmed cell death is one of the most important risk factors that can induce osteoarthritis. Prior studies have demonstrated that programmed cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and cuproptosis, has a great connection with osteoarthritis. In this paper, we review the role of different types of programmed cell death in the generation and development of OA and how the different signal pathways modulate the different cell death to regulate the development of OA. Additionally, this review provides new insights into the radical treatment of osteoarthritis rather than conservative treatment, such as anti-inflammation drugs or surgical operation.
Topics: Humans; Apoptosis; Cell Death; Pyroptosis; Ferroptosis; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 36982438
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065364 -
Cells Apr 2022The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against cellular perturbations. Innate immune activation elicits inflammatory programmed cell death in... (Review)
Review
It's All in the PAN: Crosstalk, Plasticity, Redundancies, Switches, and Interconnectedness Encompassed by PANoptosis Underlying the Totality of Cell Death-Associated Biological Effects.
The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against cellular perturbations. Innate immune activation elicits inflammatory programmed cell death in response to microbial infections or alterations in cellular homeostasis. Among the most well-characterized programmed cell death pathways are pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. While these pathways have historically been defined as segregated and independent processes, mounting evidence shows significant crosstalk among them. These molecular interactions have been described as 'crosstalk', 'plasticity', 'redundancies', 'molecular switches', and more. Here, we discuss the key components of cell death pathways and note several examples of crosstalk. We then explain how the diverse descriptions of crosstalk throughout the literature can be interpreted through the lens of an integrated inflammatory cell death concept, PANoptosis. The totality of biological effects in PANoptosis cannot be individually accounted for by pyroptosis, apoptosis, or necroptosis alone. We also discuss PANoptosomes, which are multifaceted macromolecular complexes that regulate PANoptosis. We consider the evidence for PANoptosis, which has been mechanistically characterized during influenza A virus, herpes simplex virus 1, , and infections, as well as in response to altered cellular homeostasis, in inflammatory diseases, and in cancers. We further discuss the role of IRF1 as an upstream regulator of PANoptosis and conclude by reexamining historical studies which lend credence to the PANoptosis concept. Cell death has been shown to play a critical role in infections, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and more; therefore, having a holistic understanding of cell death is important for identifying new therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Death; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Necroptosis; Pyroptosis
PubMed: 35563804
DOI: 10.3390/cells11091495 -
Medicina 2020
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Survival; HeLa Cells; Humans
PubMed: 32282324
DOI: No ID Found -
Apoptosis : An International Journal on... Oct 2022Research on cell death mechanisms gets a lot of attention. This is understandable as it underlies biology in general, as well as the insight in pathological conditions...
Research on cell death mechanisms gets a lot of attention. This is understandable as it underlies biology in general, as well as the insight in pathological conditions and the development of opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Over the last years a steady rise in the number of scientific reports and in the impact of this literature on the different mechanisms of programmed cell death can be observed. A number of new concepts are highlighted.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Death
PubMed: 35943678
DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01758-5 -
The Israel Medical Association Journal... Sep 2002
Topics: Apoptosis; Autoimmunity; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
PubMed: 12440240
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional and widely distributed peptide that plays a pivotal role in several physiological and pathological processes in the body,... (Review)
Review
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional and widely distributed peptide that plays a pivotal role in several physiological and pathological processes in the body, namely, increasing angiogenesis and proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation. Moreover, Tβ4 is effectively utilized for several indications in animal experiments or clinical trials, such as myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, xerophthalmia, liver and renal fibrosis, ulcerative colitis and colon cancer, and skin trauma. Recent studies have reported the potential application of Tβ4 and its underlying mechanisms. The present study reveals the progress regarding functions and applications of Tβ4.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Humans; Inflammation; Signal Transduction; Thymosin
PubMed: 34992578
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.767785