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Nutrients Aug 2018Exercise facilitates weight control, partly through effects on appetite regulation. Single bouts of exercise induce a short-term energy deficit without stimulating... (Review)
Review
Exercise facilitates weight control, partly through effects on appetite regulation. Single bouts of exercise induce a short-term energy deficit without stimulating compensatory effects on appetite, whilst limited evidence suggests that exercise training may modify subjective and homeostatic mediators of appetite in directions associated with enhanced meal-induced satiety. However, a large variability in responses exists between individuals. This article reviews the evidence relating to how adiposity, sex, and habitual physical activity modulate exercise-induced appetite, energy intake, and appetite-related hormone responses. The balance of evidence suggests that adiposity and sex do not modify appetite or energy intake responses to acute or chronic exercise interventions, but individuals with higher habitual physical activity levels may better adjust energy intake in response to energy balance perturbations. The effect of these individual characteristics and behaviours on appetite-related hormone responses to exercise remains equivocal. These findings support the continued promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing short-term energy deficits irrespective of adiposity and sex, as well as the ability of exercise to positively influence energy balance over the longer term. Future well-controlled studies are required to further ascertain the potential mediators of appetite responses to exercise.
Topics: Adiposity; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Female; Ghrelin; Homeostasis; Humans; Male; Meals; Satiation
PubMed: 30131457
DOI: 10.3390/nu10091140 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2017Breakfast is purported to confer a number of benefits on diet quality, health, appetite regulation, and cognitive performance. However, new evidence has challenged the... (Review)
Review
Breakfast is purported to confer a number of benefits on diet quality, health, appetite regulation, and cognitive performance. However, new evidence has challenged the long-held belief that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of the key methodological challenges and considerations in studies assessing the effect of breakfast on cognitive performance and appetite control, along with recommendations for future research. This review focuses on the myriad challenges involved in studying children and adolescents specifically. Key methodological challenges and considerations include study design and location, sampling and sample section, choice of objective cognitive tests, choice of objective and subjective appetite measures, merits of providing a fixed breakfast compared with ad libitum, assessment and definition of habitual breakfast consumption, transparency of treatment condition, difficulty of isolating the direct effects of breakfast consumption, untangling acute and chronic effects, and influence of confounding variables. These methodological challenges have hampered a clear substantiation of the potential positive effects of breakfast on cognition and appetite control and contributed to the debate questioning the notion that breakfast is the most important meal of the day.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Health; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Breakfast; Child; Child Health; Cognition; Diet; Humans; Research Design
PubMed: 28096143
DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012831 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Neuropeptide B (NPB) is a peptide hormone that was initially described in 2002. In humans, the biological effects of NPB depend on the activation of two G... (Review)
Review
Neuropeptide B (NPB) is a peptide hormone that was initially described in 2002. In humans, the biological effects of NPB depend on the activation of two G protein-coupled receptors, NPBWR1 (GPR7) and NPBWR2 (GPR8), and, in rodents, NPBWR1. NPB and its receptors are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and in peripheral tissues. NPB is also present in the circulation. In the CNS, NPB modulates appetite, reproduction, pain, anxiety, and emotions. In the peripheral tissues, NPB controls secretion of adrenal hormones, pancreatic beta cells, and various functions of adipose tissue. Experimental downregulation of either NPB or NPBWR1 leads to adiposity. Here, we review the literature with regard to NPB-dependent control of metabolism and energy homeostasis.
Topics: Animals; Appetite; Brain; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Homeostasis; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Neuropeptides; Reproduction
PubMed: 34205710
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126632 -
PloS One 2016Exposure to food odours increases the appetite for congruent foods and decreases the appetite for incongruent foods. However, the effect of exposure to a variety of food...
BACKGROUND
Exposure to food odours increases the appetite for congruent foods and decreases the appetite for incongruent foods. However, the effect of exposure to a variety of food odours, as often occurs in daily life, is unknown.
OBJECTIVE
Investigate how switching between sweet and savoury odours affects the appetite for sweet and savoury products.
DESIGN
Thirty women (age: 18-45y; BMI: 18.5-25kg/m2) intensely smelled the contents of cups filled with banana, meat or water (no-odour) in a within-subject design with four combinations: no-odour/banana, no-odour/meat, meat/banana and banana/meat. Participants received one combination per test day. In each combination, two cups with different fillings were smelled for five minutes after each other. Treatment order was balanced as much as possible. The effects of previous exposure and current odour on the appetite for (in)congruent sweet and savoury products, and odour pleasantness were analysed. A change from meat to banana odour or banana to meat odour was referred to as switch, whereas a change from no-odour to meat odour or no-odour to banana odour was no-switch.
RESULTS
The current odour (P<0.001), as opposed to the previous exposure (P = 0.71), determined the appetite for (in)congruent sweet and savoury products, already one minute after a switch between sweet and savoury odours. The pleasantness of the odour decreased during odour exposure (P = 0.005).
CONCLUSIONS
After a switch, the appetite for specific products quickly adjusted to the new odour and followed the typical pattern as found during odour exposure in previous studies. Interestingly, the appetite for the smelled food remained elevated during odour exposure, known as sensory-specific appetite, whereas the pleasantness of the odour decreased over time, previously termed olfactory sensory-specific satiety. This seeming contradiction may result from different mechanisms underlying the odour-induced anticipation of food intake versus the decrease in hedonic value during prolonged sensory stimulation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Appetite; Female; Food Preferences; Humans; Meat; Middle Aged; Musa; Odorants; Surveys and Questionnaires; Taste; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 26751975
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146652 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jul 2006Complementary neurophysiological recordings in macaques and functional neuroimaging in humans show that the primary taste cortex in the rostral insula and adjoining... (Review)
Review
Complementary neurophysiological recordings in macaques and functional neuroimaging in humans show that the primary taste cortex in the rostral insula and adjoining frontal operculum provides separate and combined representations of the taste, temperature and texture (including viscosity and fat texture) of food in the mouth independently of hunger and thus of reward value and pleasantness. One synapse on, in the orbitofrontal cortex, these sensory inputs are for some neurons combined by learning with olfactory and visual inputs. Different neurons respond to different combinations, providing a rich representation of the sensory properties of food. In the orbitofrontal cortex, feeding to satiety with one food decreases the responses of these neurons to that food, but not to other foods, showing that sensory-specific satiety is computed in the primate (including human) orbitofrontal cortex. Consistently, activation of parts of the human orbitofrontal cortex correlates with subjective ratings of the pleasantness of the taste and smell of food. Cognitive factors, such as a word label presented with an odour, influence the pleasantness of the odour and the activation produced by the odour in the orbitofrontal cortex. These findings provide a basis for understanding how what is in the mouth is represented by independent information channels in the brain; how the information from these channels is combined; and how and where the reward and subjective affective value of food is represented and is influenced by satiety signals. Activation of these representations in the orbitofrontal cortex may provide the goal for eating, and understanding them helps to provide a basis for understanding appetite and its disorders.
Topics: Animals; Appetite; Brain; Humans; Primates; Taste
PubMed: 16815796
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1852 -
Aging Nov 2017
Topics: Animals; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Humans; Longevity; Olfaction Disorders; Oxygen
PubMed: 29190215
DOI: 10.18632/aging.101337 -
Neuropharmacology May 2020The ghrelinergic system has been steadily investigated as a therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic disorders and modulation of appetite. While endogenous...
The ghrelinergic system has been steadily investigated as a therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic disorders and modulation of appetite. While endogenous ghrelin activates the full complement of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR-1a) pathways, synthetic GHSR-1a ligands display biased signalling and functional selectivity, which have a significant impact on the intended and indeed, unintended, therapeutic effects. The widespread expression of the GHSR-1a receptor in vivo also necessitates an imperative consideration of the biodistribution of GHSR-1a ligands. Here, we investigate anamorelin and HM01, two recently described synthetic GHSR-1a ligands which have shown promising effects on food intake in preclinical and clinical studies. We compare the downstream signalling pathways in cellular in vitro assays, including calcium mobilization, IP-one, internalization and β-arrestin recruitment assays. We describe a novel divergent activation of central reward circuitry by anamorelin and HM01 using c-Fos immunostaining as well as behavioural effects in food intake and reward paradigms. Interestingly, we found a paradoxical reduction in reward-related behaviour for anamorelin and HM01 treated animals in our chosen paradigms. The work highlights the critical importance to consider signalling bias in relation to future ghrelin-based therapies. In addition, central access of GHSR-1a ligands, particularly to reward areas of the brain, remains a crucial factor in eliciting potent appetite-stimulating effects. The precise characterization of downstream ghrelinergic signalling and biodistribution of novel GHSR-1a ligands will be decisive in their successful development and will allow predictive modelling and design of future synthetic ligands to combat metabolic and appetite disorders involving the ghrelinergic system. This article is part of the special issue on 'Neuropeptides'.
Topics: Animals; Appetite; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating; Female; Ghrelin; Hydrazines; Ligands; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motivation; Oligopeptides; Piperidines; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reward; Rodentia
PubMed: 32067989
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108011 -
Appetite Oct 2023Older adults are advised to increase their protein intake to maintain their muscle mass. However, protein is considered the most satiating macronutrient and this... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Older adults are advised to increase their protein intake to maintain their muscle mass. However, protein is considered the most satiating macronutrient and this recommendation may cause a decrease in total energy intake. To date, satiety studies comparing all three macronutrients have been undertaken in young adults, and it is unclear if the same response is seen in older adults. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of preloads high in protein, fat, and carbohydrate but equal in energy (∼300 kcal) and volume (250 ml) on energy intake, perceived appetite, and gastric emptying in younger and older adults. Twenty older and 20 younger adults completed a single-blinded randomised crossover trial involving three study visits. Participants consumed a standard breakfast, followed by a preload milkshake high in either carbohydrate, fat, or protein. Three hours after the preload, participants were offered an ad libitum meal to assess food intake. Visual analogue scales were used to measure perceived appetite and gastric emptying was measured via the C-octanoic acid breath test. There was no significant effect of preload type or age on energy intake either at the ad libitum meal, self-recorded food intake for the rest of the test day or subjective appetite ratings. There was a significant effect of preload type on gastric emptying latency phase and ascension time, and an effect of age on gastric emptying latency and lag phase such that older adults had faster emptying. In conclusion, energy intake, and perceived appetite were not affected by macronutrient content of the preloads in both younger and older adults, but gastric emptying times differed.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Aged; Satiation; Appetite; Energy Intake; Nutrients; Eating; Carbohydrates; Cross-Over Studies
PubMed: 37507052
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106982 -
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Nov 2012Appetite is regulated by many factors, including oro-sensory and gastric signals. There are many studies on contributions of and possible interaction between sensory and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Appetite is regulated by many factors, including oro-sensory and gastric signals. There are many studies on contributions of and possible interaction between sensory and gastric stimulation, but there are few studies in humans using simultaneous oral and gastric stimulation. We investigated the effect of simultaneous, but independently manipulated, oral and gastric stimulation on appetite ratings and energy intake. We hypothesized that compared with no stimulation, oral and gastric stimulation would equally and additively decrease appetite ratings and energy intake. Healthy men (n = 26, 21 ± 2 years, BMI 22 ± 3 kg/m(2)) participated in a randomized crossover trial with four experimental conditions and a control condition. Experimental conditions consisted of oral stimulation, with either 1 or 8 min modified sham feeding (MSF), and gastric stimulation, with either 100 or 800 ml intragastrically infused liquid (isocaloric, 99 kcal, 100 ml/min). The control condition consisted of no oral or gastric stimulation. Outcome measures were energy intake 30 min after the treatment and appetite ratings. Compared with the control condition, energy intake decreased significantly after the 8 min/100 ml (19% lower, P = 0.001) and 8 min/800 ml conditions (15% lower, P = 0.02), but not after the 1 min/100 ml (14% lower, P = 0.06) and 1 min/800 ml conditions (10% lower, P = 0.39). There was no interaction of oral and gastric stimulation on energy intake. Hunger and fullness differed across all conditions (P ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, duration of oral exposure was at least as important in decreasing energy intake as gastric filling volume. Oral and gastric stimulation did not additively decrease energy intake. Longer oro-sensory stimulation, therefore, may be an important contributor to a lower energy intake.
Topics: Appetite; Cross-Over Studies; Eating; Energy Intake; Humans; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Male; Satiation; Stomach; Young Adult
PubMed: 22592331
DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.131 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Body weight is related to both diabetes and cognitive impairment; however, the associations between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive impairment have been reported...
Body weight is related to both diabetes and cognitive impairment; however, the associations between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive impairment have been reported less frequently among diabetes patients. A total of 1355 patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥ 60 years were included in this study. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was administered to assess participants' cognitive status. We collected self-reported body weight, weight loss and appetite loss data using questionnaires. Associations between body weight status (in childhood, midlife age, and late life), weight loss, appetite changes and cognitive impairment were explored using logistic regression. Among the participants, 41.7% exhibited cognitive impairment. Overweight in childhood and late life was associated with cognitive impairment among diabetes patients (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.52-4.55; OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.03-1.69). Diabetes patients with cognitive impairment were more likely to report a body weight decline and appetite reduction in the past three months (OR 4.18, 95% CI 2.61-6.71; OR 4.41, 95% CI 2.67-7.29). Higher BMI, weight loss, and appetite reduction were positively correlated with cognitive impairment. Given the risk of cognitive impairment, we suggest that body weight and BMI decline should be monitored in patients with diabetes.
Topics: Humans; Male; Body Mass Index; Female; Cognitive Dysfunction; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Weight Loss; Middle Aged; Body Weight; Aged, 80 and over; Appetite Regulation; Appetite
PubMed: 38890509
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65005-4