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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Sep 2023Excess weight gained during the early years and, in particular, rapid weight gain in the first 2 years of life, are a major risk factors for adult obesity. The growing... (Review)
Review
Excess weight gained during the early years and, in particular, rapid weight gain in the first 2 years of life, are a major risk factors for adult obesity. The growing consensus is that childhood obesity develops from a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility and exposure to an 'obesogenic' environment. Behavioural susceptibility theory (BST) was developed to explain the nature of this gene-environment interaction, and why the 'obesogenic' environment does not affect all children equally. It hypothesizes that inherited variation in appetite, which is present from birth, determines why some infants and children overeat, and others do not, in response to environmental opportunity. That is, those who inherit genetic variants promoting an avid appetite are vulnerable to overeating and developing obesity, while those who are genetically predisposed to have a smaller appetite and lower interest in food are protected from obesity-or even at risk of being underweight. We review the breadth of research to-date that has contributed to the evidence base for BST, focusing on early life, and discuss implications and future directions for research and theory. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
Topics: Child; Humans; Appetite; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Pediatric Obesity; Feeding Behavior; Gene-Environment Interaction
PubMed: 37482774
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0223 -
Effects of chewing on appetite, food intake and gut hormones: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Physiology & Behavior Nov 2015To seek insights into the relationship between chewing, appetite, food intake and gut hormones, and to consider potentially useful recommendations to promote benefits of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
To seek insights into the relationship between chewing, appetite, food intake and gut hormones, and to consider potentially useful recommendations to promote benefits of chewing for weight management.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Papers were obtained from two electronic databases (Medline and Cochrane), from searches of reference lists, and from raw data collected from the figures in the articles. A total of 15 papers were identified that detailed 17 trials. All 15 papers were included in the systematic review; however, a further five studies were excluded from the meta-analysis because appropriate information on hunger ratings was not available. The meta-analysis was conducted on a total of 10 papers that detailed 13 trials.
RESULTS
Five of 16 experiments found a significant effect of chewing on satiation or satiety using self-report measures (visual analogue scales, VASs). Ten of 16 experiments found that chewing reduced food intake. Three of five studies showed that increasing the number of chews per bite increased relevant gut hormones and two linked this to subjective satiety. The meta-analysis found evidence of both publication bias and between study heterogeneity (IA(2) = 93.4%, tau(2) = 6.52, p < 0.001) which decreased, but remained, when covariates were considered. Analysis of the heterogeneity found a substantial effect of the fasting period where the duration of fasting influenced the decrease in hunger due to chewing. Prolonged mastication significantly reduces self-reported hunger levels (hunger: − 2.31 VAS point, 95% CI [− 4.67, − 1.38], p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Evidence currently suggests that chewing may decrease self-reported hunger and food intake, possibly through alterations in gut hormone responses related to satiety. Although preliminary, the results identify a need for additional research in the area. Focused, uniform, experimental designs are required to clearly understand the relationships that exist between mastication, appetite, satiety, food intake and, ultimately, body weight.
Topics: Appetite; Eating; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Hunger; Mastication; Satiation
PubMed: 26188140
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.017 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Stress, a factor that affects appetite in our daily lives, enhances or suppresses appetite and changes palatability. However, so far, the mechanisms underlying the link... (Review)
Review
Stress, a factor that affects appetite in our daily lives, enhances or suppresses appetite and changes palatability. However, so far, the mechanisms underlying the link between stress and eating have not been fully elucidated. Among the peripherally produced appetite-related peptides, ghrelin is the only orexigenic peptide, and abnormalities in the dynamics and reactivity of this peptide are involved in appetite abnormalities in various diseases and psychological states. This review presents an overview of the research results of studies evaluating the effects of various stresses on appetite. The first half of this review describes the relationship between appetite and stress, and the second half describes the relationship between the appetite-promoting peptide ghrelin and stress. The effects of sex differences and aging under stress on appetite are also described.
Topics: Aging; Appetite; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Ghrelin; Humans; Sex Characteristics; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 34769125
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111695 -
Current Opinion in Neurobiology Dec 2011Obesity is on the rise in all developed countries, and a large part of this epidemic has been attributed to excess caloric intake, induced by ever present food cues and... (Review)
Review
Obesity is on the rise in all developed countries, and a large part of this epidemic has been attributed to excess caloric intake, induced by ever present food cues and the easy availability of energy dense foods in an environment of plenty. Clearly, there are strong homeostatic regulatory mechanisms keeping body weight of many individuals exposed to this environment remarkably stable over their adult life. Other individuals, however, seem to eat not only because of metabolic need, but also because of excessive hedonic drive to make them feel better and relieve stress. In the extreme, some individuals exhibit addiction-like behavior toward food, and parallels have been drawn to drug and alcohol addiction. However, there is an important distinction in that, unlike drugs and alcohol, food is a daily necessity. Considerable advances have been made recently in the identification of neural circuits that represent the interface between the metabolic and hedonic drives of eating. We will cover these new findings by focusing first on the capacity of metabolic signals to modulate processing of cognitive and reward functions in cortico-limbic systems (bottom-up) and then on pathways by which the cognitive and emotional brain may override homeostatic regulation (top-down).
Topics: Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Eating; Humans; Obesity
PubMed: 21981809
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.09.004 -
Nutrients Feb 2020The improvement of the nutritional quality of dairy foods has become a key strategy for reducing the risk of developing diet-related non-communicable diseases. In this... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
The improvement of the nutritional quality of dairy foods has become a key strategy for reducing the risk of developing diet-related non-communicable diseases. In this context, we aimed to optimize the concentration of inulin in combination with 10 mg/mL of coffee-cascara extract in yogurt while considering their effect on appetite control, gastrointestinal wellbeing, and their effect on the sensory and technological properties of the product. For this purpose, we tested four coffee-cascara yogurt treatments in a blind cross-over nutritional trial with 45 healthy adults: a coffee-cascara yogurt without inulin (Y0) and coffee-cascara yogurts containing 3% (Y3), 7% (Y7), and 13% (Y13) of inulin. The ratings on sensory acceptance, satiety, gastrointestinal tolerance, and stool frequency were measured. Surveys were carried out digitally in each participant's cellphone. Yogurt pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, and instrumental texture were analyzed. Inulin addition increased the yogurt's firmness and consistency. Y13 achieved significantly higher overall acceptance, texture, and taste scores than Y0 (). Y3 presented similar gastrointestinal tolerance to Y0. However, 7% and 13% of inulin produced significant () bloating and flatulence when compared to Y0. The appetite ratings were not significantly affected by the acute intake of the different yogurts. Overall, Y3 was identified as the formulation that maximized nutritional wellbeing, reaching a "source of fiber" nutritional claim, without compromising its technological and sensory properties.
Topics: Adult; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Coffee; Female; Humans; Inulin; Male; Plant Extracts; Satiation; Taste; Yogurt
PubMed: 32121016
DOI: 10.3390/nu12030627 -
Nutrients May 2020Early meal timing and chronotype are associated with lower BMI, but their impact on appetite is poorly understood. We examined the impact of meal timing and chronotype...
Early meal timing and chronotype are associated with lower BMI, but their impact on appetite is poorly understood. We examined the impact of meal timing and chronotype on appetite and food reward. Forty-four adults were divided into early (EC; Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) score = 55 ± 5) or late chronotype (LC; MEQ score = 40 ± 6) and assessed for body mass index, habitual energy intake (EI; three-day online dietary record) and eating behavior traits from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Participants attended the laboratory after ≥3 h fast on two occasions for early (AM; 8-10 a.m.) and late (PM; 4-6 p.m.) counterbalanced testing sessions in a 2 × 2 design. Appetite ratings and food reward (validated diurnal Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) were measured in response to a standardized test meal. LC was associated with higher BMI ( = 0.01), but not with EI or TFEQ. The composite appetite score was lower in AM than PM (M= -5 (95% CI -10, -0.2) mm, = 0.040). Perceived test meal fillingness was higher in AM than PM and EC compared to LC ( ≤ 0.038). Liking and wanting high-fat food were lower in AM than PM ( ≤ 0.004). The late chronotype was associated with greater desire for high-fat food ( = 0.006). To conclude, early meal timing and early chronotype are independently associated with smaller appetite and lower desire for high-fat food.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Appetite; Body Mass Index; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Food Preferences; Humans; Male; Meals; Reward; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 32455860
DOI: 10.3390/nu12051506 -
The International Journal of Behavioral... Feb 2023There is a substantial body of research on children's eating behaviours (e.g., food responsiveness and fussiness) and related constructs (e.g., eating in the absence of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
There is a substantial body of research on children's eating behaviours (e.g., food responsiveness and fussiness) and related constructs (e.g., eating in the absence of hunger, appetite self-regulation). This research provides a foundation for understanding children's dietary intakes and healthy eating behaviours, as well as efforts at intervention, whether in relation to food avoidance, overeating and/or trajectories to excess weight gain. The success of these efforts and their associated outcomes is dependent on the theoretical foundation and conceptual clarity of the behaviours and constructs. This, in turn contributes to the coherence and precision of the definitions and measurement of these behaviours and constructs. Limited clarity in these areas ultimately creates uncertainty around the interpretation of findings from research studies and intervention programs. At present there does not appear to be an overarching theoretical framework of children's eating behaviours and associated constructs, or for separate domains of children's eating behaviours/constructs. The main purpose of the present review was to examine the possible theoretical foundations of some of the main current questionnaire and behavioural measures of children's eating behaviours and related constructs.
METHODS
We reviewed the literature on the most prominent measures of children's eating behaviours for use with children aged ~ 0-12 years. We focused on the explanations and justifications for the original design of the measures and whether these included theoretical perspectives, as well as current theoretical interpretations (and difficulties) of the behaviours and constructs.
RESULTS
We found that the most commonly used measures had their foundations in relatively applied or practical concerns rather than theoretical perspectives.
CONCLUSIONS
We concluded, consistent with Lumeng & Fisher (1), that although existing measures have served the field well, to advance the field as a science, and better contribute to knowledge development, increased attention should be directed to the conceptual and theoretical foundations of children's eating behaviours and related constructs. Suggestions for future directions are outlined.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Eating; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 36793039
DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01407-3 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Oct 2021Although physical exercise and dietary restriction can be both used to induce energy deficits, they have been suggested to favor different compensatory appetitive... (Review)
Review
Although physical exercise and dietary restriction can be both used to induce energy deficits, they have been suggested to favor different compensatory appetitive responses. While dietary restriction might favor increased subsequent energy intake and appetite sensations, such compensatory responses have not been observed after a similar deficit by exercise. The present work provides a first overview of the actual evidences discussing the effects of iso-energetic deficits induced by exercise versus dietary restriction on subsequent energy intake, appetite sensations, and on the potentially involved hedonic and physiological mechanisms.
Topics: Appetite; Diet; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Humans
PubMed: 33603151
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00853-7 -
Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2015The gastrointestinal tract is the gateway for food in our body. Food ingestion and the ensuing digestive processes depend on the composition and amount of ingested... (Review)
Review
The gastrointestinal tract is the gateway for food in our body. Food ingestion and the ensuing digestive processes depend on the composition and amount of ingested nutrients. This complex process of nutrient digestion and absorption is effectively regulated by the enteroendocrine system. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) reside scattered throughout the intestinal epithelium. They express nutrient receptors that face the lumen and secrete peptide hormones in response to food. Besides regulating digestion, gastrointestinal endocrine cells are involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety. The first part of this review describes the anatomical and biological characteristics of EECs and discusses the capability of their hormones to influence appetite, satiety, and body weight. In the second part, we then discuss the therapeutic potential of EECs in the treatment of obesity.
Topics: Animals; Appetite; Body Weight; Energy Intake; Enteroendocrine Cells; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Satiation
PubMed: 25471008
DOI: 10.1159/000368898 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews May 2022Understanding how neurohormonal gut-brain signaling regulates appetite and satiety is vital for the development of therapies for obesity and altered eating behavior.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Understanding how neurohormonal gut-brain signaling regulates appetite and satiety is vital for the development of therapies for obesity and altered eating behavior. However, reported brain areas associated with appetite or satiety regulators show inconsistency across functional neuroimaging studies. The aim of this study was to systematically assess the convergence of brain regions modulated by appetite and satiety regulators. Twenty-five studies were considered for qualitative synthesis, and 14 independent studies (20-experiments) found eligible for coordinate-based neuroimaging meta-analyses across 212 participants and 123 foci. We employed two different meta-analysis approaches. The results from the systematic review revealed the modulation of insula, amygdala, hippocampus, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with appetite regulators, where satiety regulators were more associated with caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, thalamus, putamen, anterior cingulate cortex in addition to the insula and OFC. The two neuroimaging meta-analyses methods identified the caudate nucleus as a key area associated with satiety regulators. Our results provide quantitative brain activation maps of neurohormonal gut-brain signaling in heathy-weight adults that can be used to define alterations with eating behavior.
Topics: Adult; Appetite; Brain; Brain Mapping; Functional Neuroimaging; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuroimaging; Satiation
PubMed: 35276299
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104603