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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Artificial oil bodies covered by a recombinant surface protein, caleosin fused with histatin 3 (a major human salivary peptide), were employed to explore the relative...
Exploring The Relative Astringency of Tea Catechins and Distinct Astringent Sensation of Catechins and Flavonol Glycosides via an In Vitro Assay Composed of Artificial Oil Bodies.
Artificial oil bodies covered by a recombinant surface protein, caleosin fused with histatin 3 (a major human salivary peptide), were employed to explore the relative astringency of eight tea catechins. The results showed that gallate-type catechins were more astringent than non-gallate-type catechins, with an astringency order of epicatechin gallate > epigallocatechin gallate > gallocatechin gallate > catechin gallate > epigallocatechin > epicatechin > gallocatechin > catechin. As expected, the extension of brewing time led to an increase in catechin content in the tea infusion, thus elevating tea astringency. Detailed analysis showed that the enhanced proportion of gallate-type catechins was significantly higher than that of non-gallate-type catechins, indicating that tea astringency was elevated exponentially, rather than proportionally, when brewing time was extended. Rough surfaces were observed on artificial oil bodies when they were complexed with epigallocatechin gallate (a catechin), while a smooth surface was observed on those complexed with rutin (a flavonol glycoside) under an atomic force microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that catechins and flavonol glycosides induce the sensation of rough (puckering) and smooth (velvety) astringency in tea, respectively.
Topics: Astringents; Catechin; Flavonols; Glycosides; Humans; Lipid Droplets; Sensation; Tea
PubMed: 36080445
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175679 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Persimmon () fruit have significant variation between pollination-constant non-astringent (PCNA) and pollination-constant astringent (PCA) persimmons. The astringency...
Persimmon () fruit have significant variation between pollination-constant non-astringent (PCNA) and pollination-constant astringent (PCA) persimmons. The astringency type affects not only the soluble tannin concentration but also the accumulation of individual sugars. Thus, we comprehensively investigate the gene expression and metabolite profiles of individual sugars to resolve the formation of flavor differences in PCNA and PCA persimmon fruit. The results showed that soluble sugar, starch content, sucrose synthase, and sucrose invertase were significantly different between PCNA and PCA persimmon fruit. The sucrose and starch metabolism pathway was considerably enriched, and six sugar metabolites involving this pathway were significantly differentially accumulated. In addition, the expression patterns of diferentially expressed genes (such as , , , , , and genes) were significantly correlated with the content of deferentially accumulated metabolites (such as starch, sucrose, and trehalose) in the sucrose and starch metabolism pathway. These results indicated that the sucrose and starch metabolism pathway maintained a central position of sugar metabolism between PCNA and PCA persimmon fruit. Our results provide a theoretical basis for exploring functional genes related to sugar metabolism and provide useful resources for future studies on the flavor differences between PCNA and PCA persimmon fruit.
Topics: Transcriptome; Diospyros; Sugars; Proanthocyanidins; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Astringents; Fruit; Pollination; Metabolome; Sucrose; Starch; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 37239943
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108599 -
Science Progress 2013Wilson's disease is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterised by the deposition of copper in the brain, liver; cornea, and other organs. The overload of copper... (Review)
Review
Wilson's disease is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterised by the deposition of copper in the brain, liver; cornea, and other organs. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction. Copper overload in patients with Wilson's disease is caused by impairment to the biliary route for excretion of dietary copper A combination of neurological, psychiatric and hepatic symptoms can make the diagnosis of Wilson's disease challenging. Most symptoms appear in the second and third decades of life. The disease affects between one in 30,000 and one in 100,000 individuals, and is fatal if left untreated. Five drugs are currently available to treat Wilson's disease: British Anti-Lewisite; D-penicillamine; trientine; zinc sulfate or acetate; and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. Each drug can reduce copper levels and/or transform copper into a metabolically inert and unavailable form in the patient. The discovery and introduction of these five drugs owes more to the inspiration of a few dedicated physicians and agricultural scientists than to the resources of the pharmaceutical industry.
Topics: Brain; Chelating Agents; Copper; Cornea; Dimercaprol; Drug Discovery; Hepatolenticular Degeneration; History, 20th Century; Humans; Liver; Molybdenum; Penicillamine; Rare Diseases; Trientine; Zinc Sulfate
PubMed: 23738435
DOI: 10.3184/003685013X13587771579987 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2012Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin, resulting in abnormal red blood cells. These are rigid and may block blood vessels leading to acute painful... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin, resulting in abnormal red blood cells. These are rigid and may block blood vessels leading to acute painful crises and other complications. Recent research has focused on therapies to rehydrate the sickled cells by reducing the loss of water and ions from them. Little is known about the effectiveness and safety of such drugs.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the relative risks and benefits of drugs to rehydrate sickled red blood cells.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register.Last search of the Group's Trials Register: 25 October 2011.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of drugs to rehydrate sickled red blood cells compared to placebo or an alternative treatment.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Both authors independently selected studies for inclusion, assessed study quality and extracted data.
MAIN RESULTS
Of the 51 studies identified, three met the inclusion criteria. The first study tested the effectiveness of zinc sulphate to prevent sickle cell-related crises in a total of 145 participants and showed a significant reduction in painful crises over one and a half years, mean difference -2.83 (95% confidence interval -3.51 to -2.15). However, analysis was restricted due to limited statistical data. Changes to red cell parameters and blood counts were inconsistent. No serious adverse events were noted in the study.The second study was a Phase II dose-finding study of senicapoc (a Gardos channel blocker) compared to placebo. Compared to the placebo group the high dose senicapoc showed significant improvement in change in hemoglobin level, number and proportion of dense red blood cells, red blood cell count and indices and hematocrit. The results with low-dose senicapoc were similar to the high-dose senicapoc group but of lesser magnitude. There was no difference in the frequency of painful crises between the three groups. A subsequent Phase III study of senicapoc was terminated early since there was no difference observed between the treatment and control groups in the primary end point of painful crises.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
While the results of zinc for reducing sickle-related crises are encouraging, larger and longer-term multicenter studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy for people with sickle cell disease.While the Phase II and the prematurely terminated phase III studies of senicapoc showed that the drug improved red cell survival (depending on dose), this did not lead to fewer painful crises.
Topics: Acetamides; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Antisickling Agents; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Dehydration; Early Termination of Clinical Trials; Erythrocyte Aging; Erythrocytes; Humans; Piracetam; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Trityl Compounds; Zinc Sulfate
PubMed: 22786485
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003426.pub4 -
The Journal of International Medical... May 2023To determine the efficacy of zinc sulfate supplementation in managing dysmenorrhoea. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
To determine the efficacy of zinc sulfate supplementation in managing dysmenorrhoea.
METHODS
In total, 103 high school students were randomised into an experimental arm (52 students) and a control arm (51 students) and received 40-mg zinc sulfate or placebo, respectively, over three cycles. Primary outcome measures were the mean Visual Analogue Scale score, which measured pain over three cycles, and the frequency of nausea and vomiting. Secondary outcomes were the use of additional analgesics and the frequency of allergic reactions.
RESULTS
Fifty participants were analysed in each group. Mean pain scores were not significantly different between the groups before administering zinc sulfate therapy. Following the intervention, the mean pain scores for the treatment (2.80 ± 2.28) and placebo (3.48 ± 2.85) groups were not significantly different in the first cycle; however, scores in the treatment group were significantly better in the second (2.56 ± 1.97 vs 3.80 ± 2.77) and third (1.95 ± 1.72 vs 3.95 ± 2.82) cycles. No significant differences were observed between the groups in the nausea and vomiting incidence and the requirement for additional analgesics.
CONCLUSIONS
Zinc sulfate reduces dysmenorrhoea severity with minimal or no adverse effects, especially with more than one cycle of usage.Trial Registration Number: PACTR202105843292338. The trial is publicly available and was registered at www.pactr.org on 25 May 2021.
Topics: Female; Humans; Dysmenorrhea; Zinc; Zinc Sulfate; Analgesics; Double-Blind Method; Dietary Supplements; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 37165643
DOI: 10.1177/03000605231171489 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2015Astringency is one of the most important components of fruit oral sensory quality. Astringency mainly comes from tannins and other polyphenolic compounds and causes the... (Review)
Review
Astringency is one of the most important components of fruit oral sensory quality. Astringency mainly comes from tannins and other polyphenolic compounds and causes the drying, roughening and puckering of the mouth epithelia attributed to the interaction between tannins and salivary proteins. There is growing interest in the study of fruit astringency because of the healthy properties of astringent substances found in fruit, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antiallergenic, hepatoprotective, vasodilating and antithrombotic activities. This review will focus mainly on the relationship between tannin structure and the astringency sensation as well as the biosynthetic pathways of astringent substances in fruit and their regulatory mechanisms.
Topics: Fruit; Phytochemicals; Research; Tannins
PubMed: 25599149
DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011434 -
Australian Family Physician Mar 2011A previously healthy Caucasian girl, 6 years of age, presented with pruritic rash on both heels of 6 months duration. The lesions appeared as multiple depressions 1-2 mm...
A previously healthy Caucasian girl, 6 years of age, presented with pruritic rash on both heels of 6 months duration. The lesions appeared as multiple depressions 1-2 mm in diameter that progressively increased in size. There was no history of trauma or insect bite. She reported local pain when walking, worse with moisture and wearing sneakers. On examination, multiple small craterlike depressions were present, some coalescing into a larger lesion on both heels (Figure 1). There was an unpleasant 'cheesy' odour and a moist appearance. Wood lamp examination and potassium hydroxide testing for fungal hyphae were negative.
Topics: Aluminum Chloride; Aluminum Compounds; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Astringents; Child; Chlorides; Female; Foot Dermatoses; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Odorants; Skin Diseases, Bacterial
PubMed: 21597513
DOI: No ID Found -
Food Science and Biotechnology 2017This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of astringent persimmon on antioxidant activity, cholesterol, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of astringent persimmon on antioxidant activity, cholesterol, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase activity, and mRNA expression of cholesterol metabolism-related genes in human hepatoma cell line (HepG2 cells). In the results, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity showed that the different types cultivars of astringent persimmon was similar to Vitamin C as positive control. However, there are not significant differences among samples. In addition, our results showed that cholesterol amounts and HMG-CoA reductase activity were inhibited by astringent persimmon in HepG2 cells. Further, treatment with astringent persimmon upregulated the expression of LDL receptor and SREBP-2, and also increased the level of HDL-associated ABCA1. Taken together, our results indicate that astringent persimmon regulate cholesterol accumulation by inhibiting the oxidative stress and controlling the levels of LDL & HDLassociated gene.
PubMed: 30263533
DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0031-4 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2021: Oral food perception plays a major role in food acceptance, although the way it relates with food preferences and final choices in adults is still debatable. The...
: Oral food perception plays a major role in food acceptance, although the way it relates with food preferences and final choices in adults is still debatable. The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between gustatory function, dietary habits and fruit and vegetable preferences. : Recognition thresholds, suprathreshold and hedonics were accessed for sweet, bitter, sour, salty and astringency in 291 adult participants. A Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and a questionnaire for assessment of preferences for individual fruit and vegetables were filled by the participants. : Three clusters were obtained: "most sensitive", "less sensitive" and "less sensitive only for sour". The less sensitive cluster showed lower preferences for fruit and vegetables and higher intake of sweets and fast foods, whereas higher preferences for sweet veggies were observed in the "most sensitive" cluster. Basic tastes and astringency hedonics did not associate with fruit and vegetable preferences, but the sensitivity for these oral sensations did. : Taste and astringency sensitivities are related with the preference for fruit and vegetables, being also associated with some dietary habits. The effectiveness of the strategies to promote plant-based healthy food consumption may benefit from the knowledge of individuals' gustatory function.
PubMed: 34441738
DOI: 10.3390/foods10081961 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2000Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins has long been accepted as imperative to optimal calf health. Many factors, including timing of colostrum ingestion, the... (Review)
Review
Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins has long been accepted as imperative to optimal calf health. Many factors, including timing of colostrum ingestion, the method and volume of colostrum administration, the immunoglobulin concentration of the colostrum ingested, and the age of the dam have been implicated in affecting the optimization of absorption. The practice of colostrum pooling, the breed and presence of the dam, and the presence of respiratory acidosis in the calf also may affect passive transfer. Various tests have been reported to accurately measure passive transfer status in neonatal calves. The radial immunodiffusion and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the only tests that directly measure serum IgG concentration. All other available tests including serum total solids by refractometry, sodium sulfite turbidity test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity, and whole blood glutaraldehyde gelation estimate serum IgG concentration based on concentration of total globulins or other proteins whose passive transfer is statistically associated with that of IgG. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature of passive transfer in calves including factors that affect passive transfer status, testing modalities, effects of failure of passive transfer on baseline mortality, consequences of failure of passive transfer, and some treatment options. Many previously accepted truisms regarding passive transfer in calves should be rejected based on the results of recent research.
Topics: Acidosis; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Coagulation Tests; Cattle; Colostrum; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Glutaral; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Immunodiffusion; Immunoglobulin G; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; Parity; Refractometry; Sulfites; Zinc Sulfate; gamma-Glutamyltransferase
PubMed: 11110376
DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0569:ptocii>2.3.co;2