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International Journal of Environmental... May 2022The way in which students attribute causes to their successes and failures in school has important implications for their development. The objectives of our research...
The way in which students attribute causes to their successes and failures in school has important implications for their development. The objectives of our research were to validate the Academic Success and Failure Attribution Questionnaire (ASFAQ) and to analyze the gender and grade differences in the ASFAQ data for primary and secondary school students in Spain. For the construction and analysis of the psychometric characteristics of the scale, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed. To compare the ASFAQ scores based on gender and school year, a parametric -test for independent samples and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. A total of 562 students in the fifth ( = 228) and sixth year ( = 186) of primary studies and the first ( = 134) and second year ( = 94) of secondary studies participated in the research. The results showed the adequate factorial structure, internal consistency, and validity of the ASFAQ, in addition to statistically significant differences by gender and school year. This research provides scientific evidence about the psychometric properties of the ASFAQ to assess and understand attributional style in the educational context, as well as current and consistent empirical evidence related to gender and grade differences in the attributional patterns of academic success and failure for primary and secondary school students.
Topics: Achievement; Humans; Psychometrics; Schools; Students; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35627587
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106045 -
The American Journal of Managed Care Jul 2022More robust attribution methods are necessary to understand physician-level variation in quality of care across risk-adjusted inpatient measures. We address a gap in the...
OBJECTIVES
More robust attribution methods are necessary to understand physician-level variation in quality of care across risk-adjusted inpatient measures. We address a gap in the literature involving attribution of physicians to inpatient stays using administrative claims data, in which rule-based methods often inadequately attribute physicians.
STUDY DESIGN
Methodology comparison study using a cross-section of inpatient stays.
METHODS
A novel approach is proposed in which physicians' relative degrees of responsibility for inpatient stays are expressed through physician-specific attribution ratios informed by existing patient characteristics and comorbidities. Attribution results are compared with the rule-based benchmark method for 7 CMS-defined clinical cohorts, including a COVID-19 cohort.
RESULTS
Using 6,835,460 unique patient encounters during 2020 (n = 136,339 in out-of-sample cohort), the proposed approach favored specialists generally considered responsible for primary clinical conditions when compared with the benchmark. The most salient shift within the acute myocardial infarction (+17.0%), heart failure (+20.2%), and coronary artery bypass graft (+4.0%) cohorts was toward the cardiovascular diseases specialty, and the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (+24.0%) and pneumonia (+16.2%) cohorts resulted in a shift toward the pulmonary diseases specialty. The COVID-19 cohort resulted in considerable shifts toward infectious diseases and pulmonary diseases specialties (+17.4% and +14.1%, respectively). The stroke cohort experienced a considerable shift toward the neurology specialty (+42.2%).
CONCLUSIONS
We provide a robust method to attribute physicians to patients, which is a necessary tool to understand physician-level variation in quality of care within the inpatient acute care setting. The proposed method provides consistency across facilities and eliminates unattributed patients resulting from unsatisfied business rules.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Inpatients; Medicine; Myocardial Infarction; Physicians
PubMed: 35852889
DOI: 10.37765/ajmc.2022.89185 -
Mathematical Biosciences and... Aug 2022In the era of cloud computing, the technique of access control is vital to protect the confidentiality and integrity of cloud data. From the perspective of servers, they...
In the era of cloud computing, the technique of access control is vital to protect the confidentiality and integrity of cloud data. From the perspective of servers, they should only allow authenticated clients to gain the access of data. Specifically, the server will share a communication channel with the client by generating a common session key. It is thus regarded as a symmetric key for encrypting data in the current channel. An access control mechanism using attribute-based encryptions is most flexible, since the decryption privilege can be granted to the ones who have sufficient attributes. In the paper, the authors propose a secure access control consisting of the attributed-based mutual authentication and the attribute-based encryption. The most appealing property of our system is that the attribute keys associated with each user is periodically updatable. Moreover, we will also show that our system fulfills the security of fuzzy selective-ID assuming the hardness of Decisional Modified Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (DMBDH) problem.
Topics: Algorithms; Cloud Computing; Computer Security; Confidentiality; Humans
PubMed: 36124594
DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022529 -
PLoS Computational Biology Sep 2022Inferring causes of the good and bad events that we experience is part of the process of building models of our own capabilities and of the world around us. Making such...
Inferring causes of the good and bad events that we experience is part of the process of building models of our own capabilities and of the world around us. Making such inferences can be difficult because of complex reciprocal relationships between attributions of the causes of particular events, and beliefs about the capabilities and skills that influence our role in bringing them about. Abnormal causal attributions have long been studied in connection with psychiatric disorders, notably depression and paranoia; however, the mechanisms behind attributional inferences and the way they can go awry are not fully understood. We administered a novel, challenging, game of skill to a substantial population of healthy online participants, and collected trial-by-trial time series of both their beliefs about skill and attributions about the causes of the success and failure of real experienced outcomes. We found reciprocal relationships that provide empirical confirmation of the attribution-self representation cycle theory. This highlights the dynamic nature of the processes involved in attribution, and validates a framework for developing and testing computational accounts of attribution-belief interactions.
Topics: Humans; Paranoid Disorders; Social Perception; Video Games
PubMed: 36155635
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009920 -
Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2016This cross-sectional study aimed at identifying the most common attributions of their mental disorder in a Mexican patients who have experienced psychosis and their...
This cross-sectional study aimed at identifying the most common attributions of their mental disorder in a Mexican patients who have experienced psychosis and their relatives and exploring how having experienced or not characteristic psychotic symptoms and their present clinical status might affect their etiological attributions. Past and current symptom profiles of 66 patients were as assessed with the SCID-I (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders) and the PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), respectively. The etiological attribution of psychosis of patients (n = 62) and the relatives (n = 65) was assessed with the Angermeyer and Klusmann scale comprising 30 items into five categories: biology, personality, family, society, and esoteric. Patients and relatives attribute psychosis mainly to social factors. Relatives' attributions were not influenced by clinical profile of patients, whereas in the case of patients it was only current clinical status that showed a difference, with those in nonremission scoring higher personality and family factors. Acknowledging patients' and relatives' beliefs about mental disorders at onset and later on is particularly important in psychosis, a mental condition with severe and/or persistent symptoms, in order to promote better involvement in treatment and in consequence efficacy and recovery.
PubMed: 27413550
DOI: 10.1155/2016/9549683 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2021With the development of consumer-centric data collection, storage, and analysis technologies, there is growing popularity for firms to use the behavioral data of...
With the development of consumer-centric data collection, storage, and analysis technologies, there is growing popularity for firms to use the behavioral data of individual consumers to implement data-driven discrimination strategies. Different from traditional price discrimination, such data-driven discrimination can take more diverse forms and often discriminates particularly against firms' established customers whom firms know the best. Despite the widespread attention from both the academia and the public, little research examines how consumers react to such discrimination enabled by big data. Based on attribution theory, this paper examines how different ways of consumer attribution of data-driven discrimination influence perceived fairness and consumer trust toward the firm. Specifically, we hypothesize that controllability by consumers and locus of causality of data-driven discrimination interactively influence perceived fairness, which further affects consumer trust. We conduct two experiments to test the hypotheses. Study 1 uses a 2(controllability: high vs. low)×2(locus of causality: internal vs. external) between-subjects design. The results show a significant interaction between controllability and locus of causality on consumer trust. When consumers attribute data-driven discrimination to themselves (internal attribution), consumer trust is significantly lower in low-controllable situations than that in high-controllable situations. When consumers attribute the discrimination to the firm (external attribution), however, the impact of controllability on consumer trust is nonsignificant. Moreover, we show that perceived fairness plays a mediating role in the interaction effect of controllability and locus of causality on consumer trust. Study 2 uses a similar design to replicate the findings of Study 1 and further examines the moderating role of consumer self-concept clarity. The results show that the findings of study 1 apply only to consumers with low self-concept clarity. For consumers with high self-concept clarity, regardless of the locus of causality (internal or external), consumer trust is significantly higher in high-controllable situations than that in low-controllable situations. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and managerial implications and conclude the paper by pointing out future research directions.
PubMed: 34659067
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748765 -
PloS One 2022In Africa, children aged 5 to 15 years (school age) comprises more than 50% (>339 million) of the under 19 years population, and are highly burdened by malaria and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
In Africa, children aged 5 to 15 years (school age) comprises more than 50% (>339 million) of the under 19 years population, and are highly burdened by malaria and anaemia that impair cognitive development. For the prospects of improving health in African citizens, understanding malaria and its relation to anaemia in school-aged children, it is crucial to inform targeted interventions for malaria control and accelerate elimination efforts as part of improved school health policy. We conducted a study to determine the risk factors for asymptomatic malaria and their association to anaemia. We explored the prevalence of antimalarial drug resistance as well as the association of asymptomatic malaria infection and anaemia on cognitive and psychomotor functions in school-aged children living in high endemic areas. This study was a comprehensive baseline survey, within the scope of a randomised, controlled trial on the effectiveness and safety of antimalarial drugs in preventing malaria and its related morbidity in schoolchildren. We enrolled 1,587 schoolchildren from 7 primary schools located in Muheza, north-eastern Tanzania. Finger-pricked blood samples were collected for estimation of malaria parasitaemia using a microscope, haemoglobin concentration using a haemoglobinometer, and markers of drug resistance processed from dried blood spots (DBS). Psychomotor and Cognitive functions were assessed using a '20 metre Shuttle run' and a test of everyday attention for children (TEA-Ch), respectively. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia, anaemia and stunting was 26.4%, 49.8%, and 21.0%, respectively with marked variation across schools. In multivariate models, asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia attributed to 61% of anaemia with a respective population attribution fraction of 16%. Stunting, not sleeping under a bednet and illiterate parent or guardian were other factors attributing to 7%, 9%, and 5% of anaemia in the study population, respectively. Factors such as age group (10-15 years), not sleeping under a bednet, low socioeconomic status, parents' or guardians' with a low level of education, children overcrowding in a household, and fewer rooms in a household were significantly attributed to higher malaria infection. There was no significant association between malaria infection or anaemia and performance on tests of cognitive function (sustained attention) or psychomotor function (VO2 max). However, a history of malaria in the past one month was significantly associated with decreased cognitive scores (aOR = -4.1, 95% CI -7.7-0.6, p = 0.02). Furthermore, stunted children had significantly lower VO2max scores (aOR = -1.9, 95% CI -3.0-0.8, p = 0.001). Regarding the antimalarial drug resistance markers, the most prevalent Pfmdr1 86-184-1034-1042-1246 haplotypes were the NFSND in 47% (n = 88) and the NYSND in 52% (n = 98). The wild type Pfcrt haplotypes (codons 72-76, CVMNK) were found in 99.1% (n = 219) of the samples. Malaria, stunting and parents' or guardians' illiteracy were the key attributable factors for anaemia in schoolchildren. Given malaria infection in schoolchildren is mostly asymptomatic; an addition of interventional programmes such as intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in schoolchildren (IPTsc) would probably act as a potential solution while calling for an improvement in the current tools such as bednet use, school food programme, and community-based (customised) health education with an emphasis on nutrition and malaria control.
Topics: Anemia; Antimalarials; Asymptomatic Infections; Child; Cognition; Growth Disorders; Humans; Malaria; Parasitemia; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Tanzania
PubMed: 35617296
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268654 -
Affective Science Jun 2022In emotion research, both conceptual analyses and empirical studies commonly rely on emotion reports. But what do people mean when they say that they are angry, afraid,...
In emotion research, both conceptual analyses and empirical studies commonly rely on emotion reports. But what do people mean when they say that they are angry, afraid, joyful, etc.? Building on extant theories of emotion, this paper presents four new studies (including a preregistered replication) measuring the weight of cognitive evaluations, bodily changes, and action tendencies in people's use of emotion concepts. The results of these studies suggest that the presence or absence of cognitive evaluations has the largest impact on people's emotion attributions, and bodily changes and action tendencies are considered to depend on cognitive evaluations. Implications for theories of emotion (concepts) and the interpretation of emotion reports are discussed.
PubMed: 36046003
DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00113-w -
British Journal of Health Psychology May 2018To investigate a range of possible predictors of nocebo responses to medicines. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
To investigate a range of possible predictors of nocebo responses to medicines.
DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.
METHODS
In total, 203 healthy adult volunteers completed measures concerning demographics, psychological factors, medicine-related beliefs, baseline symptoms, and symptom expectations before taking a sham pill, described as 'a well-known tablet available without prescription' that was known to be associated with several side effects. Associations between these measures and subsequent attribution of symptoms to the tablet were assessed using a hurdle model consisting of a joint logistic and truncated negative binomial regression.
RESULTS
Men had an increased odds of attributing symptoms to the tablet OR = 1.52, and older participants had decreased odds, OR = 0.97. Medicine-related beliefs were important, with modern health worries, belief that medicines cause harm and perceived sensitivity to medicines associated with increased odds of symptom attribution, OR = 1.02, 1.10, 1.09, respectively. Trust in medicines and pharmaceutical companies decreased the odds of symptom attribution, OR = 0.91, 0.88, respectively. The number of symptoms at baseline and the expected likelihood of symptoms were associated with an increased odds of attributing symptoms to the tablet, OR = 1.07, 1.06, respectively. Anxiety, previous symptom experience, symptom expectations, and modern health worries were also important in predicting the number of symptoms participants attributed to the tablet.
CONCLUSION
It is hard to predict who is at risk of developing nocebo responses to medicines from demographic or personality characteristics. Context-specific factors such as beliefs about and trust in medicines, current symptoms and symptom expectations are more useful as predictors. More work is needed to investigate this in a patient sample. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Many patients report non-specific side effects to their medication which may arise through a nocebo effect. Whether some people are particularly predisposed to experience nocebo effects remains unclear. What does this study add? Demographic and personality characteristics are poor predictors of symptom attribution to a sham medicine. Instead, context-specific factors that concern people's beliefs surrounding medicines, their current symptoms, and symptom expectations are more useful as predictors of symptom attribution.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Cohort Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Nocebo Effect; Prospective Studies; Sex Factors
PubMed: 29405507
DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12298 -
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and... 2011This research was conducted to study the relationship between attribution and academic procrastination in University Students.
OBJECTIVE
This research was conducted to study the relationship between attribution and academic procrastination in University Students.
METHODS
The subjects were 203 undergraduate students, 55 males and 148 females, selected from English and French language and literature students of Tabriz University. Data were gathered through Procrastination Assessment Scale-student (PASS) and Causal Dimension Scale (CDA) and were analyzed by multiple regression analysis (stepwise).
RESULTS
The results showed that there was a meaningful and negative relation between the locus of control and controllability in success context and academic procrastination. Besides, a meaningful and positive relation was observed between the locus of control and stability in failure context and procrastination. It was also found that 17% of the variance of procrastination was accounted by linear combination of attributions.
CONCLUSION
We believe that causal attribution is a key in understanding procrastination in academic settings and is used by those who have the knowledge of Causal Attribution styles to organize their learning.
PubMed: 24644450
DOI: No ID Found