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British Journal of Cancer Aug 1972The term apoptosis is proposed for a hitherto little recognized mechanism of controlled cell deletion, which appears to play a complementary but opposite role to mitosis... (Review)
Review
The term apoptosis is proposed for a hitherto little recognized mechanism of controlled cell deletion, which appears to play a complementary but opposite role to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations. Its morphological features suggest that it is an active, inherently programmed phenomenon, and it has been shown that it can be initiated or inhibited by a variety of environmental stimuli, both physiological and pathological.The structural changes take place in two discrete stages. The first comprises nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation and breaking up of the cell into a number of membrane-bound, ultrastructurally well-preserved fragments. In the second stage these apoptotic bodies are shed from epithelial-lined surfaces or are taken up by other cells, where they undergo a series of changes resembling in vitro autolysis within phagosomes, and are rapidly degraded by lysosomal enzymes derived from the ingesting cells.Apoptosis seems to be involved in cell turnover in many healthy adult tissues and is responsible for focal elimination of cells during normal embryonic development. It occurs spontaneously in untreated malignant neoplasms, and participates in at least some types of therapeutically induced tumour regression. It is implicated in both physiological involution and atrophy of various tissues and organs. It can also be triggered by noxious agents, both in the embryo and adult animal.
Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Atrophy; Autolysis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Division; Cells; Culture Techniques; Histiocytes; Homeostasis; Humans; Kinetics; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mesoderm; Microscopy, Electron; Mitosis; Phagocytosis; Rats
PubMed: 4561027
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1972.33 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2018Trypsin is the protease of choice for protein sample digestion in proteomics. The most typical active forms are the single-chain β-trypsin and the two-chain α-trypsin,... (Review)
Review
Trypsin is the protease of choice for protein sample digestion in proteomics. The most typical active forms are the single-chain β-trypsin and the two-chain α-trypsin, which is produced by a limited autolysis of β-trypsin. An additional intra-chain split leads to pseudotrypsin (ψ-trypsin) with three chains interconnected by disulfide bonds, which can be isolated from the autolyzate by ion-exchange chromatography. Based on experimental data with artificial substrates, peptides, and protein standards, ψ-trypsin shows altered kinetic properties, thermodynamic stability and cleavage site preference (and partly also cleavage specificity) compared to the above-mentioned proteoforms. In our laboratory, we have analyzed the performance of bovine ψ-trypsin in the digestion of protein samples with a different complexity. It cleaves predominantly at the characteristic trypsin cleavage sites. However, in a comparison with common tryptic digestion, non-specific cleavages occur more frequently (mostly after the aromatic residues of Tyr and Phe) and more missed cleavages are generated. Because of the preferential cleavages after the basic residues and more developed side specificity, which is not expected to occur for the major trypsin forms (but may appear anyway because of their autolysis), ψ-trypsin produces valuable information, which is complementary in part to data based on a strictly specific trypsin digestion and thus can be unnoticed following common proteomics protocols.
Topics: Animals; Autolysis; Cattle; Enzyme Stability; Kinetics; Protein Isoforms; Proteolysis; Trypsin
PubMed: 30322187
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102637 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2021Kluyveromyces marxianus is a yeast that could be identified from kefir and can use a broad range of substrates, such as glucose and lactate, as carbon sources. The...
Kluyveromyces marxianus is a yeast that could be identified from kefir and can use a broad range of substrates, such as glucose and lactate, as carbon sources. The lactate produced in kefir culture can be a substrate for K. marxianus. However, the complexity of the kefir microbiota makes the traits of K. marxianus difficult to study. In this research, we focused on K. marxianus cultured with lactate as the sole carbon source. The optimal growth and released protein in lactate culture were determined under different pH conditions, and the LC-MS/MS-identified proteins were associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis pathway, and cellular stress responses in cells, indicating that autolysis of K. marxianus had occurred under the culture conditions. The abundant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GAP1) was cocrystallized with other proteins in the cell-free fraction, and the low transcription level of the GAP1 gene indicated that the protein abundance under autolysis conditions was dependent on protein stability. These results suggest that lactate induces the growth and autolysis of K. marxianus, releasing proteins and peptides. These findings can be fundamental for K. marxianus probiotic and kefir studies in the future.
Topics: Culture Media; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kefir; Kluyveromyces; Lactic Acid; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Mycological Typing Techniques; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 34267270
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94101-y -
International Journal of Clinical and... 2017Cancerous wound has been the difficulty of clinical treatment. Due to wound stench, symptoms like a large number of exudate and so on seriously affect the quality of...
OBJECTIVE
Cancerous wound has been the difficulty of clinical treatment. Due to wound stench, symptoms like a large number of exudate and so on seriously affect the quality of life of patients and self-esteem. Inappropriate treatment of cancerous wounds not only lead to the above-mentioned symptoms aggravating with severe infection, but also affect the treatment plan. In view of the fact that wound treatment is based on well wound bed preparation, debridement is a prerequisite for ensuring a well state of the wound bed. Therefore, exploring the most suitable way for cancer wound debridement methods, can effectively control the wound symptoms, reduce secondary infection rate, reduce complications, improve patient quality of life.
METHOD
There is a randomized controlled experiment that 22 patients with cancerous wound were nursed with autolysis debridement and mechanical debridement before and after for 2 weeks. The results of culture of secretions, the ratio of malodor, exudate and wound bed decayed tissue before and after debridement were compared.
RESULT
Through the treatment of the combination of autolysis debridement and mechanical debridement, the rate of negative conversion of secretions is increased, the control time of malodor and exudate is shortened, and the proportion of decayed tissue is reduced. The difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Debridement combining autolysis debridement with mechanical debridement can effectively eliminate a large number of rotting tissue, significantly shorten the time of reducing the degree of wound infection and relieving the symptoms such as malodor and exudate, ensure the treatment of wound bed preparation, advantage to Wound healing, what's more, improve patient comfort level and quality of life.
PubMed: 31966779
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Sep 2021Estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is a poorly studied field in veterinary pathology. The development of field-applicable methods is needed given that animal...
Estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is a poorly studied field in veterinary pathology. The development of field-applicable methods is needed given that animal cruelty investigations are increasing continually. We evaluated various histologic criteria in equine brain, liver, and muscle tissue to aid the estimation of PMI in horses, which is central to forensic investigations of suspicious death. After death, autolysis proceeds predictably, depending on environmental conditions. Currently, no field-applied methods exist that accurately estimate the PMI using histology in animals or humans through quantification of autolysis. Brain, liver, and skeletal muscle from 12 freshly euthanized horses were held at 22°C and 8°C for 72 h. Tissues were sampled at T0h, T1h, T2h, T4h, T6h, T12h, T24h, T36h, T48h, T60h, and T72h. For each tissue, we quantified 5 to 7 criteria associated with autolysis, based on the percentage of microscopic field involved. Each criterion was modeled, with temperature and time as independent variables. Changes were most predictable in liver and muscle over the first 72 h postmortem. The criteria for autolysis that were present most extensively at both temperatures were hepatocyte individualization and the separation of bile duct epithelium from the basement membrane. The changes that were present next most extensively were disruption of myofiber continuity, hypereosinophilia, and loss of striation. Brain changes were highly variable. The high statistical correlation between the parameter "autolysis" and the variables "time/temperature", indicates that autolysis is progressive and predictable. Further investigation of these criteria is needed to establish histologic algorithms for PMI.
Topics: Animals; Autopsy; Feasibility Studies; Forensic Pathology; Horse Diseases; Horses; Muscle, Skeletal; Postmortem Changes
PubMed: 34109897
DOI: 10.1177/10406387211021865 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021A key obstacle to the successful delivery of a probiotic to the consumer is maintaining viability of the live cells during storage, a challenge for the beneficial ....
A key obstacle to the successful delivery of a probiotic to the consumer is maintaining viability of the live cells during storage, a challenge for the beneficial . Three processes play a role in the reduction of viability: autolysis, cell death, and cell weakening. Using a phosphate induction model of autolysis, the initial aim of this project was to discover novel molecular determinants of autolysis in , with the long -term goal of elucidating new strategies for increasing viability. We employed a 2D Native/SDS-Page method to monitor changes in protein expression over time; however, the result was that excess phosphate did not induce noticeable changes in expression patterns. On the other hand, we found that pH affects both the rate of total viability and autolysis, as seen with other species of LAB. In addition, we found that the phosphate model of autolysis may not be sufficient to explain how autolysis is triggered in . Two parameters appear to modulate the pH in media containing cells: overall buffering capacity and the presence of a carbon source. Ultimately, phosphate sources appear to facilitate autolysis by maintaining pH in the media via a higher buffering capacity. In addition, the alkaline sugar free almond drink appears to be a promising possible preservative for .
PubMed: 34065120
DOI: 10.3390/foods10051026 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023
PubMed: 37234522
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1199578 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Feb 2017Plant development requires specific cells to be eliminated in a predictable and genetically regulated manner referred to as programmed cell death (PCD). However, the... (Review)
Review
Plant development requires specific cells to be eliminated in a predictable and genetically regulated manner referred to as programmed cell death (PCD). However, the target cells do not merely die but they also undergo autolysis to degrade their cellular corpses. Recent progress in understanding developmental cell elimination suggests that distinct proteins execute PCD sensu stricto and autolysis. In addition, cell death alone and cell dismantlement can fulfill different functions. Hence, it appears biologically meaningful to distinguish between the modules of PCD and autolysis during plant development.
Topics: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Plant Development
PubMed: 27936412
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.017 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023is a model quorum sensing (QS) pathogen with three interconnected QS circuits that control the production of virulence factors and antibiotic tolerant biofilms. The QS...
is a model quorum sensing (QS) pathogen with three interconnected QS circuits that control the production of virulence factors and antibiotic tolerant biofilms. The QS system of is responsible for the biosynthesis of diverse 2-alkyl-4-quinolones (AQs), of which 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline (HHQ) and 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4()-quinolone (PQS) function as QS signal molecules. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that HHQ and PQS influenced the expression of multiple genes via PqsR-dependent and -independent pathways whereas 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline -oxide (HQNO) had no effect on transcriptome. HQNO is a cytochrome inhibitor that causes programmed cell death and autolysis. However, mutants unable to synthesize HQNO undergo autolysis when grown as colony biofilms. The mechanism by which such autolysis occurs is not understood. Through the generation and phenotypic characterization of multiple PAO1 mutants producing altered levels of AQs in different combinations, we demonstrate that mutation of results in the accumulation of HHQ which in turn leads to Pf4 prophage activation and consequently autolysis. Notably, the effect of HHQ on Pf4 activation is not mediated its cognate receptor PqsR. These data indicate that the synthesis of HQNO in PAO1 limits HHQ-induced autolysis mediated by Pf4 in colony biofilms. A similar phenomenon is shown to occur in cystic fibrosis (CF) isolates, in which the autolytic phenotype can be abrogated by ectopic expression of .
Topics: Humans; Quinolones; Quorum Sensing; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Prophages; Biofilms; Autolysis
PubMed: 37305419
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1183681 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021In the brewing process, the consumption of resources and the amount of waste generated are high and due to a lot of organic compounds in waste-water, the capacity of... (Review)
Review
In the brewing process, the consumption of resources and the amount of waste generated are high and due to a lot of organic compounds in waste-water, the capacity of natural regeneration of the environment is exceeded. Residual yeast, the second by-product of brewing is considered to have an important chemical composition. An approach with nutritional potential refers to the extraction of bioactive compounds from the yeast cell wall, such as β-glucans. Concerning the potential food applications with better textural characteristics, spent brewer's yeast glucan has high emulsion stability and water-holding capacity fitting best as a fat replacer in different food matrices. Few studies demonstrate the importance and nutritional role of β-glucans from brewer's yeast, and even less for spent brewer's yeast, due to additional steps in the extraction process. This review focuses on describing the process of obtaining insoluble β-glucans (particulate) from spent brewer's yeast and provides an insight into how a by-product from brewing can be converted to potential food applications.
Topics: Autolysis; Bread; Cell Nucleus; Cell Wall; Cytokines; Cytoplasm; Elastic Modulus; Food Industry; Food Safety; Food Technology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Organic Chemicals; Polysaccharides; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Solubility; Stress, Mechanical; Temperature; Wastewater; Yogurt; beta-Glucans
PubMed: 33467670
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020825