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Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... 2018Basidiomycetes have several biotechnological and industrial applications such as enzyme production, bioremediation, pharmaceutical and functional food production. Due to... (Review)
Review
Basidiomycetes have several biotechnological and industrial applications such as enzyme production, bioremediation, pharmaceutical and functional food production. Due to climatic features, the preservation of several basidiomycetes is threatened, and to guarantee the preservation of this genetic resource, the development of long-term preservation techniques is necessary once there is no universal protocol for the cryopreservation of basidiomycetes. Cryopreservation is a technique in which microorganisms are submitted to ultralow temperatures. Therefore, this study aimed to collect information on the main conditions for long-term cryopreservation of basidiomycetes in the last 20 years. Scientific articles on cryopreservation of basidiomycetes published from 1997 to 2016, were researched, and only the studies on two intervals of cryopreservation were considered: from 1 to 2 years and for longer than 2 years. The analyzed conditions of basidiomycete cryopreservation were: most studied genera, cryopreservation temperature, substrate, cryoprotectant (and preservation substrate), cryopreservation period, thawing temperature and cultivation medium after thawing, physiological and genetic stability of basidiomycetes after thawing in cryopreservation. In this review, the viability of the main cryopreservation conditions of basidiomycetes studied in the last 20 years are presented and discussed.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Culture Media; Microbial Viability; Time Factors
PubMed: 29122478
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.08.004 -
Current Opinion in Chemical Biology Apr 2016Basidiomycota fungi have received little attention for applications in biocatalysis and biotechnology and remain greatly understudied despite their importance for carbon... (Review)
Review
Basidiomycota fungi have received little attention for applications in biocatalysis and biotechnology and remain greatly understudied despite their importance for carbon recycling, ecosystem functioning and medicinal properties. The steady influx of genome data has facilitated detailed studies aimed at understanding the evolution and function of fungal lignocellulose degradation. These studies and recent explorations into the secondary metabolomes have uncovered large portfolios of enzymes useful for biocatalysis and biosynthesis. This review will provide an overview of the biocatalytic repertoires of Basidiomycota characterized to date with the hope of motivation more research into the chemical toolkits of this diverse group of fungi.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Biocatalysis; Genes, Fungal; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 26812494
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.002 -
Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Dec 2014Basidiomycete fungi subsist on various types of plant material in diverse environments, from living and dead trees and forest litter to crops and grasses and to decaying... (Review)
Review
Basidiomycete fungi subsist on various types of plant material in diverse environments, from living and dead trees and forest litter to crops and grasses and to decaying plant matter in soils. Due to the variation in their natural carbon sources, basidiomycetes have highly varied plant-polysaccharide-degrading capabilities. This topic is not as well studied for basidiomycetes as for ascomycete fungi, which are the main sources of knowledge on fungal plant polysaccharide degradation. Research on plant-biomass-decaying fungi has focused on isolating enzymes for current and future applications, such as for the production of fuels, the food industry, and waste treatment. More recently, genomic studies of basidiomycete fungi have provided a profound view of the plant-biomass-degrading potential of wood-rotting, litter-decomposing, plant-pathogenic, and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) basidiomycetes. This review summarizes the current knowledge on plant polysaccharide depolymerization by basidiomycete species from diverse habitats. In addition, these data are compared to those for the most broadly studied ascomycete genus, Aspergillus, to provide insight into specific features of basidiomycetes with respect to plant polysaccharide degradation.
Topics: Aspergillus; Basidiomycota; Cell Wall; Ecosystem; Glycoside Hydrolases; Plant Structures; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 25428937
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00035-14 -
BioTechniques Sep 2023Technological advancements in genome sequencing, assembly and annotation platforms and algorithms that resulted in several genomic studies have created an opportunity to... (Review)
Review
Technological advancements in genome sequencing, assembly and annotation platforms and algorithms that resulted in several genomic studies have created an opportunity to further our understanding of the biology of phytopathogens, including species. Most species are facultative necrotrophs that cause root- and stem-rot, usually on woody plants, significantly impacting agriculture and forestry worldwide. Genome sequencing, assembly and annotation in terms of samples used and methods applied in genome projects are evaluated in this review. Infographic guidelines and a database of resources to facilitate future genome projects were developed. Knowledge gained from genomic studies of species is summarized and prospects for further research are provided. This guide can be applied to other diploid and dikaryotic fungal genomics.
Topics: Armillaria; Basidiomycota; Algorithms; Databases, Factual; Diploidy
PubMed: 37681497
DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0023 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2017Lectins are proteins of a nonimmunoglobulin nature that are capable of specific recognition of and reversible binding to the carbohydrate moieties of complex... (Review)
Review
Lectins are proteins of a nonimmunoglobulin nature that are capable of specific recognition of and reversible binding to the carbohydrate moieties of complex carbohydrates, without altering the covalent structure of any of the recognized glycosyl ligands. They have a broad range of biological activities important for the functioning of the cell and the whole organism and, owing to the high specificity of reversible binding to carbohydrates, are valuable tools used widely in biology and medicine. Lectins can be produced by many living organisms, including basidiomycetes. Whereas lectins from the fruit bodies of basidiomycetes have been studied sufficiently well, mycelial lectins remain relatively unexplored. Here, we review and comparatively analyze what is currently known about lectins isolated from the vegetative mycelium of macrobasidiomycetes, including their localization, properties, and carbohydrate specificities. Particular attention is given to the physiological role of mycelial lectins in fungal growth and development.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Fungal Proteins; Lectins; Mycelium
PubMed: 28640205
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071334 -
The New Phytologist May 2019Contents Summary 1190 I. Introduction 1190 II. Rust fungi: a diverse and serious threat to agriculture 1191 III. The different facets of rust life cycles and unresolved... (Review)
Review
Contents Summary 1190 I. Introduction 1190 II. Rust fungi: a diverse and serious threat to agriculture 1191 III. The different facets of rust life cycles and unresolved questions about their evolution 1191 IV. The biology of rust infection 1192 V. Rusts in the genomics era: the ever-expanding list of candidate effector genes 1195 VI. Functional characterization of rust effectors 1197 VII. Putting rusts to sleep: Pucciniales research outlooks 1201 Acknowledgements 1202 References 1202 SUMMARY: Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the largest group of plant pathogens and represent one of the most devastating threats to agricultural crops worldwide. Despite the economic importance of these highly specialized pathogens, many aspects of their biology remain obscure, largely because rust fungi are obligate biotrophs. The rise of genomics and advances in high-throughput sequencing technology have presented new options for identifying candidate effector genes involved in pathogenicity mechanisms of rust fungi. Transcriptome analysis and integrated bioinformatics tools have led to the identification of key genetic determinants of host susceptibility to infection by rusts. Thousands of genes encoding secreted proteins highly expressed during host infection have been reported for different rust species, which represents significant potential towards understanding rust effector function. Recent high-throughput in planta expression screen approaches (effectoromics) have pushed the field ahead even further towards predicting high-priority effectors and identifying avirulence genes. These new insights into rust effector biology promise to inform future research and spur the development of effective and sustainable strategies for managing rust diseases.
Topics: Agriculture; Basidiomycota; Biological Evolution; Fungal Proteins; Genomics; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 30554421
DOI: 10.1111/nph.15641 -
The New Phytologist Mar 2017Contents 1625 I. 1625 II. 1626 III. 1626 IV. 1626 V. 1628 VI. 1629 VII. 1629 1630 References 1630 SUMMARY: In the 21 century, the wheat stripe rust fungus has evolved to... (Review)
Review
Contents 1625 I. 1625 II. 1626 III. 1626 IV. 1626 V. 1628 VI. 1629 VII. 1629 1630 References 1630 SUMMARY: In the 21 century, the wheat stripe rust fungus has evolved to be the largest biotic limitation to global wheat production. New pathogen genotypes are more aggressive and able to infect previously resistant wheat varieties, leading to rapid pathogen migration across and between continents. We now know the full life cycle, microevolutionary relationships and past migration routes on a global scale. Current sequencing technologies have provided the first fungal draft genomes and simplified plant resistance gene cloning. Yet, we know nothing about the molecular and microevolutionary mechanisms that facilitate the infection process and cause new devastating pathogen races. These are the questions that need to be addressed by exploiting the synergies between novel 21 century biology tools and decades of dedicated pathology work.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Basidiomycota; Genetic Variation; History, 21st Century; Plant Diseases; Research; Triticum
PubMed: 27575735
DOI: 10.1111/nph.14159 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023polysaccharides (AAP) have been widely studied in the field of medicine and healthcare because of their unique structure and physiological activity. Many species of... (Review)
Review
polysaccharides (AAP) have been widely studied in the field of medicine and healthcare because of their unique structure and physiological activity. Many species of polysaccharides have been extracted, isolated, and purified by different methods, and their structures have been analyzed. polysaccharides have been proven to have beneficial effects on the human body, including slowing the aging process, controlling the intestinal system, and treating cardiovascular disorders. In this paper, the extraction, isolation, and purification of AAP from as well as research in the field of medicine and healthcare, have pointed to the shortcomings and limitations of these methods. We also suggest future research directions for polysaccharides; standardized processing methods must be confirmed, and officially approved AAPs are needed for commercial applications. Finally, an optimistic outlook on the development of AAPs is given.
Topics: Humans; Basidiomycota; Polysaccharides; Auricularia; Antioxidants
PubMed: 36677640
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020582 -
The New Phytologist Jul 201620 I 21 II 21 III 23 IV 29 V 33 VI 35 36 36 References 36 SUMMARY: Root endophytism and mycorrhizal associations are complex derived traits in fungi that shape plant... (Review)
Review
20 I 21 II 21 III 23 IV 29 V 33 VI 35 36 36 References 36 SUMMARY: Root endophytism and mycorrhizal associations are complex derived traits in fungi that shape plant physiology. Sebacinales (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) display highly diverse interactions with plants. Although early-diverging Sebacinales lineages are root endophytes and/or have saprotrophic abilities, several more derived clades harbour obligate biotrophs forming mycorrhizal associations. Sebacinales thus display transitions from saprotrophy to endophytism and to mycorrhizal nutrition within one fungal order. This review discusses the genomic traits possibly associated with these transitions. We also show how molecular ecology revealed the hyperdiversity of Sebacinales and their evolutionary diversification into two sister families: Sebacinaceae encompasses mainly ectomycorrhizal and early-diverging saprotrophic species; the second family includes endophytes and lineages that repeatedly evolved ericoid, orchid and ectomycorrhizal abilities. We propose the name Serendipitaceae for this family and, within it, we transfer to the genus Serendipita the endophytic cultivable species Piriformospora indica and P. williamsii. Such cultivable Serendipitaceae species provide excellent models for root endophytism, especially because of available genomes, genetic tractability, and broad host plant range including important crop plants and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We review insights gained with endophytic Serendipitaceae species into the molecular mechanisms of endophytism and of beneficial effects on host plants, including enhanced resistance to abiotic and pathogen stress.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Basidiomycota; Biodiversity; Biological Evolution; Embryophyta; Endophytes; Phylogeny
PubMed: 27193559
DOI: 10.1111/nph.13977 -
Journal of Natural Products Feb 2023New meroterpenoids bis-heimiomycins A-D (-) and heimiomycins D and E ( and ) were isolated from solid rice cultures of sp., while new calamene-type sesquiterpenoids... (Review)
Review
New meroterpenoids bis-heimiomycins A-D (-) and heimiomycins D and E ( and ) were isolated from solid rice cultures of sp., while new calamene-type sesquiterpenoids heimiocalamene A () and B () were isolated from shake cultures, respectively. Structures of the metabolites were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR in addition to HRESIMS data. While relative configurations were assigned by ROESY data, absolute configurations were derived from the structurally related, previously described calamenes, which we herein name heimiocalamenes C-E (-). A plausible biosynthetic pathway was proposed for -, with a radical reaction connecting their central -benzoquinone building block to calamene-sesquiterpenoids. Based on the assumption of a common biosynthesis, we reviewed the structure of the known nitrogen-containing derivative , calling the validity of the originally proposed structure into question. Subsequently, the structure of was revised by analysis of HMBC and ROESY NMR data. Only heimiomycin D () displayed cytotoxic effects against cell line KB3.1.
Topics: Molecular Structure; Basidiomycota; Agaricales; Sesquiterpenes; Africa
PubMed: 36779910
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01015