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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024The species in are a group of edible mushrooms with a long history of oral use in East Asia as a health-improvement method. They should be classified under the genus... (Review)
Review
The species in are a group of edible mushrooms with a long history of oral use in East Asia as a health-improvement method. They should be classified under the genus rather than mistakenly in or . The major components in this genus consist of polysaccharides, polyphenols, triterpenoids, and flavonoids, all of which exist in the fruiting bodies and mycelia. For extraction, studies have shown methods using hot water, ethanol, DES solvent, and alkaline, followed by purification methods including traditional anion column, Sevag solution, macroporous resin, and magnetic polymers. Proven by modern medical technology, these components possess promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, and immunoregulation effects; additionally, they have health-improving effects including pulmonary protection, hypoglycemic properties, sleep improvement, gout mitigation, antiaging, neuroprotection, and muscle-strengthening abilities. Several toxicity studies have revealed their safety and recommend a dose of 1 g/kg for mice. As a newly emerged concept, functional food can provide not only life-sustaining nutrients but also some health-improving effects. In conclusion, we substantiate Sanghuang as a functional food by comprehensively presenting information on extraction and purification methods, component medical and structural properties, and nontoxicity, hoping to benefit the development of Sanghuang species as a group of functional food.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Basidiomycota; Agaricales; Antioxidants; Phellinus; Polyphenols
PubMed: 38542832
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29061195 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Aug 2016Mutualistic interactions between plants and fungi often occur in the rhizosphere, although examples exist where shoot-endophytes support host growth and increase... (Review)
Review
Mutualistic interactions between plants and fungi often occur in the rhizosphere, although examples exist where shoot-endophytes support host growth and increase resistance to pathogens and herbivores. Fungal endophytes which colonize their hosts without any visible disease symptoms have been recognized to be fundamental components of various ecosystems. Initial efforts have been taken to decipher the genetic basis of beneficial plant-fungus interactions and of lifestyle transitions. This review gives a short overview on well established experimental systems amenable to genetic manipulation and of known genome sequence for dissecting plant-fungal endophyte interactions with a special focus on Arabidopsis thaliana associations.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Ascomycota; Basidiomycota; Endophytes; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plant Immunity; Rhizosphere; Symbiosis
PubMed: 27280851
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.05.008 -
Molecular Plant Pathology Oct 2017Hemileia vastatrix Berk. and Broome (Basidiomycota, Pucciniales) was described in 1869 in eastern Africa and Ceylon as the agent of coffee leaf rust and has spread to... (Review)
Review
TAXONOMY AND HISTORY
Hemileia vastatrix Berk. and Broome (Basidiomycota, Pucciniales) was described in 1869 in eastern Africa and Ceylon as the agent of coffee leaf rust and has spread to all coffee cultivation areas worldwide. Major disease outbreaks in Asia, Africa and America caused and continue to cause severe yield losses, making this the most important disease of Arabica coffee, a cash crop for many tropical and sub-tropical countries.
LIFE CYCLE AND DISEASE SYMPTOMS
Hemileia vastatrix is a hemicyclic fungus with the urediniosporic life cycle as its most important (if not only) source of inoculum. Chlorotic spots are the first macroscopic symptoms, preceding the differentiation of suprastomatal, bouquet-shaped, orange-coloured uredinia. The disease can cause yield losses of up to 35% and have a polyetic epidemiological impact on subsequent years.
DISEASE CONTROL
Although the use of fungicides is one of the preferred immediate control measures, the use of resistant cultivars is considered to be the most effective and durable disease control strategy. The discovery of 'Híbrido de Timor' provided sources of resistance that have been used in several breeding programmes and that have been proven to be effective and durable, as some have been in use for more than 30 years.
GENETIC DIVERSITY AND MOLECULAR PATHOGENICITY
Although exhibiting limited genetic polymorphism, the very large genome of H. vastatrix (c. 797 Mbp) conceals great pathological diversity, with more than 50 physiological races. Gene expression studies have revealed a very precocious activation of signalling pathways and production of putative effectors, suggesting that the plant-fungus dialogue starts as early as at the germ tube stage, and have provided clues for the identification of avr genes.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Coffea; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Plant Leaves; Tropical Climate
PubMed: 27885775
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12512 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2016Lichen symbioses comprise a fascinating relationship between algae and fungi. The lichen symbiotic lifestyle evolved early in the evolution of ascomycetes and is also... (Review)
Review
Lichen symbioses comprise a fascinating relationship between algae and fungi. The lichen symbiotic lifestyle evolved early in the evolution of ascomycetes and is also known from a few basidiomycetes. The ascomycete lineages have diversified in the lichenized stage to give rise to a tremendous variety of morphologies. Their thalli are often internally complex and stratified for optimized integration of algal and fungal metabolisms. Thalli are frequently colonized by specific nonlichenized fungi and occasionally also by other lichens. Microscopy has revealed various ways these fungi interact with their hosts. Besides the morphologically recognizable diversity of the lichen mycobionts and lichenicolous (lichen-inhabiting) fungi, many other microorganisms including other fungi and bacterial communities are now detected in lichens by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. The application of multi-omics approaches, refined microscopic techniques, and physiological studies has added to our knowledge of lichens, not only about the taxa involved in the lichen interactions, but also about their functions.
Topics: Ascomycota; Basidiomycota; Biological Evolution; Lichens; Symbiosis
PubMed: 28087947
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016 -
Systematic Biology Jan 2020Resolving deep divergences in the tree of life is challenging even for analyses of genome-scale phylogenetic data sets. Relationships between Basidiomycota subphyla, the...
Resolving deep divergences in the tree of life is challenging even for analyses of genome-scale phylogenetic data sets. Relationships between Basidiomycota subphyla, the rusts and allies (Pucciniomycotina), smuts and allies (Ustilaginomycotina), and mushroom-forming fungi and allies (Agaricomycotina) were found particularly recalcitrant both to traditional multigene and genome-scale phylogenetics. Here, we address basal Basidiomycota relationships using concatenated and gene tree-based analyses of various phylogenomic data sets to examine the contribution of several potential sources of bias. We evaluate the contribution of biological causes (hard polytomy, incomplete lineage sorting) versus unmodeled evolutionary processes and factors that exacerbate their effects (e.g., fast-evolving sites and long-branch taxa) to inferences of basal Basidiomycota relationships. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo and likelihood mapping analyses reject the hard polytomy with confidence. In concatenated analyses, fast-evolving sites and oversimplified models of amino acid substitution favored the grouping of smuts with mushroom-forming fungi, often leading to maximal bootstrap support in both concatenation and coalescent analyses. On the contrary, the most conserved data subsets grouped rusts and allies with mushroom-forming fungi, although this relationship proved labile, sensitive to model choice, to different data subsets and to missing data. Excluding putative long-branch taxa, genes with high proportions of missing data and/or with strong signal failed to reveal a consistent trend toward one or the other topology, suggesting that additional sources of conflict are at play. While concatenated analyses yielded strong but conflicting support, individual gene trees mostly provided poor support for any resolution of rusts, smuts, and mushroom-forming fungi, suggesting that the true Basidiomycota tree might be in a part of tree space that is difficult to access using both concatenation and gene tree-based approaches. Inference-based assessments of absolute model fit strongly reject best-fit models for the vast majority of genes, indicating a poor fit of even the most commonly used models. While this is consistent with previous assessments of site-homogenous models of amino acid evolution, this does not appear to be the sole source of confounding signal. Our analyses suggest that topologies uniting smuts with mushroom-forming fungi can arise as a result of inappropriate modeling of amino acid sites that might be prone to systematic bias. We speculate that improved models of sequence evolution could shed more light on basal splits in the Basidiomycota, which, for now, remain unresolved despite the use of whole genome data.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Classification; Genes, Fungal; Models, Genetic; Phylogeny
PubMed: 31062852
DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz029 -
Eukaryotic Cell Jun 2010The genome sequences of the basidiomycete Agaricomycetes species Coprinopsis cinerea, Laccaria bicolor, Schizophyllum commune, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Postia... (Review)
Review
The genome sequences of the basidiomycete Agaricomycetes species Coprinopsis cinerea, Laccaria bicolor, Schizophyllum commune, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Postia placenta, as well as of Cryptococcus neoformans and Ustilago maydis, are now publicly available. Out of these fungi, C. cinerea, S. commune, and U. maydis, together with the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been investigated for years genetically and molecularly for signaling in sexual reproduction. The comparison of the structure and organization of mating type genes in fungal genomes reveals an amazing conservation of genes regulating the sexual reproduction throughout the fungal kingdom. In agaricomycetes, two mating type loci, A, coding for homeodomain type transcription factors, and B, encoding a pheromone/receptor system, regulate the four typical mating interactions of tetrapolar species. Evidence for both A and B mating type genes can also be identified in basidiomycetes with bipolar systems, where only two mating interactions are seen. In some of these fungi, the B locus has lost its self/nonself discrimination ability and thus its specificity while retaining the other regulatory functions in development. In silico analyses now also permit the identification of putative components of the pheromone-dependent signaling pathways. Induction of these signaling cascades leads to development of dikaryotic mycelia, fruiting body formation, and meiotic spore production. In pheromone-dependent signaling, the role of heterotrimeric G proteins, components of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and cyclic AMP-dependent pathways can now be defined. Additionally, the pheromone-dependent signaling through monomeric, small GTPases potentially involved in creating the polarized cytoskeleton for reciprocal nuclear exchange and migration during mating is predicted.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Genes, Fungal; Genes, Mating Type, Fungal; Genome, Fungal; Models, Genetic; Pheromones; Receptors, Pheromone; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 20190072
DOI: 10.1128/EC.00319-09 -
Phytopathology Feb 2016Hybridization in fungi has recently been recognized as a major force in the generation of new fungal plant pathogens. These include the grass pathogen Zymoseptoria... (Review)
Review
Hybridization in fungi has recently been recognized as a major force in the generation of new fungal plant pathogens. These include the grass pathogen Zymoseptoria pseudotritici and the powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis triticale of triticale. Hybridization also plays an important role in the transfer of genetic material between species. This process is termed introgressive hybridization and involves extensive backcrossing between hybrid and the parental species. Introgressive hybridization has contributed substantially to the successful spread of plant pathogens such as Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi, the causal agents of Dutch elm disease, and other tree pathogens such as the rust pathogen Melampsora. Hybridization occurs more readily between species that have previously not coexisted, so-called allopatric species. Reproductive barriers between allopatric species are likely to be more permissive allowing interspecific mating to occur. The bringing together of allopatric species of plant pathogens by global agricultural trade consequently increases the potential for hybridization between pathogen species. In light of global environmental changes, agricultural development, and the facilitated long-distance spread of fungal plant pathogens, hybridization should be considered an important mechanism whereby new pathogens may emerge. Recent studies have gained insight into the genetics and biology of fungal hybrids. Here I summarize current knowledge about hybrid speciation and introgressive hybridization. I propose that future studies will benefit greatly from the availability of large genome data sets and that genome data provide a powerful resource in combination with experimental approaches for analyses of hybrid species.
Topics: Ascomycota; Basidiomycota; Biological Evolution; Genetic Speciation; Hybridization, Genetic; Plant Diseases; Plants
PubMed: 26824768
DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-08-15-0184-RVW -
Current Biology : CB Sep 2009
Topics: Amanita; Basidiomycota; Mycorrhizae; Plants
PubMed: 19788874
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.003 -
Comptes Rendus Biologies Feb 2014Dual-histidine kinases (HKs) are complex hybrid HKs containing in a single polypeptide two HK transmitter modules (T) and two-response regulator received domains (R)...
Dual-histidine kinases (HKs) are complex hybrid HKs containing in a single polypeptide two HK transmitter modules (T) and two-response regulator received domains (R) that are combined in a TRTR geometry. In fungi, this protein family is limited to some particular species of the phylum Basidiomycota and absent in the other phyla. This study extends the investigation of dual-HKs to 80 fully sequenced genomes of basidiomycetes, analyzing their distribution, domain architecture and phylogenetic relationships. Moreover, similarly to dual-HKs of basidiomycetes, several species of bacteria were found that contain hybrid HKs with a TRTR domain architecture encoded in a single gene.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Genes, Fungal; Genome, Fungal; Histidine Kinase; Protein Kinases; Proteome; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 24581805
DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.12.007 -
Journal of Natural Products Feb 2023New meroterpenoids bis-heimiomycins A-D (-) and heimiomycins D and E ( and ) were isolated from solid rice cultures of sp., while new calamene-type sesquiterpenoids... (Review)
Review
New meroterpenoids bis-heimiomycins A-D (-) and heimiomycins D and E ( and ) were isolated from solid rice cultures of sp., while new calamene-type sesquiterpenoids heimiocalamene A () and B () were isolated from shake cultures, respectively. Structures of the metabolites were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR in addition to HRESIMS data. While relative configurations were assigned by ROESY data, absolute configurations were derived from the structurally related, previously described calamenes, which we herein name heimiocalamenes C-E (-). A plausible biosynthetic pathway was proposed for -, with a radical reaction connecting their central -benzoquinone building block to calamene-sesquiterpenoids. Based on the assumption of a common biosynthesis, we reviewed the structure of the known nitrogen-containing derivative , calling the validity of the originally proposed structure into question. Subsequently, the structure of was revised by analysis of HMBC and ROESY NMR data. Only heimiomycin D () displayed cytotoxic effects against cell line KB3.1.
Topics: Molecular Structure; Basidiomycota; Agaricales; Sesquiterpenes; Africa
PubMed: 36779910
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01015