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Pathologica Apr 2022Phyllodes tumors (PT) are fibroepithelial neoplasms of the breast showing a peculiar leaf-like appearance. They account for 0.3 to 1% of all primary breast tumors and... (Review)
Review
Phyllodes tumors (PT) are fibroepithelial neoplasms of the breast showing a peculiar leaf-like appearance. They account for 0.3 to 1% of all primary breast tumors and 2.5% of all fibroepithelial breast tumors. PT are classified into benign, borderline and malignant based upon their stromal morphology with a distribution of 60%, 20%, and 20%, respectively. Malignant PT of the breast constitute an uncommon challenging group of fibroepithelial neoplasms. They have a relatively high tendency to recur, although distant metastasis is uncommon, and nearly exclusive to malignant PT. Adequate surgical resection remains the standard approach to achieve maximal local control. Giant malignant PT are rare and a pose a diagnostic dilemma for pathologists, especially when comprised of sarcomatous elements. This review highlights the morphological features of PT detected in cytology and histology specimens and discusses diagnostic pitfalls and differential diagnosis.
Topics: Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms, Fibroepithelial; Phyllodes Tumor
PubMed: 35414723
DOI: 10.32074/1591-951X-754 -
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics Mar 2018With an annual incidence of 5/100,000, meningioma is the most frequent primary tumor of the central nervous system. Risk factors are radiotherapy and hormone intake.... (Review)
Review
With an annual incidence of 5/100,000, meningioma is the most frequent primary tumor of the central nervous system. Risk factors are radiotherapy and hormone intake. Most meningiomas are grade I benign tumors, but up to 15% are atypical and 2% anaplastic according to the WHO 2016 histological criteria. Areas covered: This review details the current standard therapy based on international guidelines and recent literature, and describes new approaches developed to treat refractory cases. First-line treatments are observation and surgery, but adjuvant radiotherapy/radiosurgery is discussed for atypical and indicated for anaplastic meningiomas. The most problematic cases include skull base meningiomas that enclose vasculo-nervous structures and surgery- and radiation-refractory tumors that present with significant morbidity and mortality. The treatment of recurrent tumors is based on radiotherapy and repeated surgery. Systematic therapies are not effective in general but several clinical trials are ongoing. Expert commentary: Molecular characterization of the tumors, based on genetic mutations such as NF2, SMO, TERT, TRAF7, and on the methylation profile are developing, completing the histological classification and giving new insights into prognosis and treatment options.
Topics: Humans; Meningeal Neoplasms; Meningioma; Mutation; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prognosis; Radiosurgery; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Risk Factors; Skull Base Neoplasms
PubMed: 29338455
DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1429920 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Nov 2017- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human malignant neoplasm and is a frequently encountered diagnosis in dermatopathology. Although BCC may be locally... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human malignant neoplasm and is a frequently encountered diagnosis in dermatopathology. Although BCC may be locally destructive, it rarely metastasizes. Many diagnostic entities display morphologic and immunophenotypic overlap with BCC, including nonneoplastic processes, such as follicular induction over dermatofibroma; benign follicular tumors, such as trichoblastoma, trichoepithelioma, or basaloid follicular hamartoma; and malignant tumors, such as sebaceous carcinoma or Merkel cell carcinoma. Thus, misdiagnosis has significant potential to result in overtreatment or undertreatment.
OBJECTIVE
- To review key features distinguishing BCC from histologic mimics, including current evidence regarding immunohistochemical markers useful for that distinction.
DATA SOURCES
- Review of pertinent literature on BCC immunohistochemistry and differential diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS
- In most cases, BCC can be reliably diagnosed by histopathologic features. Immunohistochemistry may provide useful ancillary data in certain cases. Awareness of potential mimics is critical to avoid misdiagnosis and resulting inappropriate management.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Diagnosis, Differential; Hamartoma; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Immunophenotyping; Skin; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 29072946
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0222-RA -
Polski Przeglad Chirurgiczny Dec 2020<br><b>Introduction:</b> Fibroadenomas are one of the most common benign tumors of the breast in the adolescent females accounting for about... (Review)
Review
<br><b>Introduction:</b> Fibroadenomas are one of the most common benign tumors of the breast in the adolescent females accounting for about 2/3<sup>rd</sup> of all the breast lumps and more than half of all the biopsied breast lesions. They come into being due to overgrowth of glandular tissue under the influence of hormonal changes that the girls undergo at the time of puberty. Due to the wide prevalence of fibroadenomas and the psychosocial morbidity associated with the finding of a breast mass, it is imperative for physicians treating adolescent patients to be thoroughly familiar and updated with this disease. <br><b>Aim:</b> The article aims at providing a brief review of the classification, presentation, diagnosis, and update on the management of breast fibroadenomas on the basis of recent literature.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Health; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Fibroadenoma; Humans
PubMed: 33729177
DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.5676 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Thermal and chemical ablation are minimally invasive procedures that avoid removal of the thyroid gland and target symptomatic nodules directly. Internationally,... (Review)
Review
Thermal and chemical ablation are minimally invasive procedures that avoid removal of the thyroid gland and target symptomatic nodules directly. Internationally, Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is among one of the most widely used thermal ablative techniques, and is gaining traction in North America. Surgery remains the standard of care for most thyroid cancer, and in the right clinical setting, Active Surveillance (AS) can be a reasonable option for low risk disease. Minimally invasive techniques have emerged as an alternative option for patients deemed high risk for surgery, or for those patients who wish to receive a more active treatment approach compared to AS. Herein, we review the literature on the safety and efficacy of RFA for treating benign non-functioning thyroid nodules, autonomously functioning thyroid nodules, primary small low risk thyroid cancer (namely papillary thyroid cancer) as well as recurrent thyroid cancer.
Topics: Catheter Ablation; History, 21st Century; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Radiofrequency Ablation; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroid Nodule; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34248853
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.698689 -
Zhurnal Voprosy Neirokhirurgii Imeni N.... 2017A pineal cyst (PC) is a benign neoplasm in the pineal region, or more precisely in the pineal body. Most cysts are incidental findings and are not associated with... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
A pineal cyst (PC) is a benign neoplasm in the pineal region, or more precisely in the pineal body. Most cysts are incidental findings and are not associated with symptoms typical of patients seeking medical advice. Symptomatic cysts are discovered less often and, depending on the clinical picture, require different treatment approaches.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We analyzed the literature data about the clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment of PCs for more than a century (1914-2016).
CONCLUSION
To date, there is no single approach for managing PC patients. The indications for surgical treatment of symptomatic PCs are still not fully defined. It remains unclear which PC cases should be followed-up, and how often control examinations should be performed. More research of PCs is needed to develop new approaches to treatment of PC patients.
Topics: Cysts; Humans; Pineal Gland; Pinealoma
PubMed: 28914878
DOI: 10.17116/neiro2017814113-120 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jul 2021Pyogenic granuloma, also known as lobular capillary haemangioma, is a common benign vascular proliferation of not yet fully understood aetiology. Pyogenic granuloma can...
Pyogenic granuloma, also known as lobular capillary haemangioma, is a common benign vascular proliferation of not yet fully understood aetiology. Pyogenic granuloma can occur in all age groups and affect both men and women. Although pyogenic granuloma is a benign lesion, differential diagnosis may include malignant tumours such as amelanotic melanoma, basal cell carcinoma and spindle cell tumour. Surgical excision with primary closure is the usual treatment for pyogenic granuloma/lobular capillary haemangioma and has the lowest rate of recurrence.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Granuloma, Pyogenic; Humans; Male; Melanoma; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34356018
DOI: No ID Found -
The Medical Journal of Malaysia Jun 2016Angioleiomyoma of the nasal cavity is an extremely rare benign neoplasm. It usually occurs in the lower extremities. Up to date, only few cases of angioleiomyoma have...
BACKGROUND
Angioleiomyoma of the nasal cavity is an extremely rare benign neoplasm. It usually occurs in the lower extremities. Up to date, only few cases of angioleiomyoma have been reported. First case of angioleiomyoma of nasal cavity was reported in 1966. We report a rare case of angioleiomyoma arising from the right maxillary sinus.
CASE REPORT
A 43-year-old lady presented with recurrent epistaxis and right nasal obstruction for two months duration. Clinical examination revealed a huge right nasal mass obstructing the right nasal cavity. The tumour was excised completely via endoscopic endonasal surgical approach. Histopathological examination confirmed the tumour is sinonasal angioleiomyoma. Postoperatively, she recovered well without any recurrence after a year of followup.
CONCLUSION
This tumour has an excellent prognosis and recurrence is extremely rare if excised completely.
Topics: Adult; Angiomyoma; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Obstruction; Nose Neoplasms
PubMed: 27495895
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Jun 2017Chondroblastoma is a rare primary bone tumor of young people that typically arises in the ends of the long bones. Radiologic investigations show a small, circumscribed,... (Review)
Review
Chondroblastoma is a rare primary bone tumor of young people that typically arises in the ends of the long bones. Radiologic investigations show a small, circumscribed, lytic lesion. The tumor is characterized histologically by the proliferation of chondroblasts along with areas of mature cartilage, giant cells, and occasionally, secondary aneurysmal bone cyst formation. Chondroblastoma, however, may also present with atypical features, such as prominent hemosiderin deposition, numerous giant cells, or the presence of a large aneurysmal bone cyst component. Malignant entities such as clear cell chondrosarcoma and chondroblastic osteosarcoma must also be considered. Recently, immunohistochemical stains such as DOG1 and SOX9 have been described in chondroblastoma, and K36M mutations in either the H3F3A or H3F3B genes have also been identified. While generally regarded as a benign entity, chondroblastoma manifests an intermediate type of behavior, given its ability to recur locally, and rarely, metastasize.
Topics: Amino Acid Substitution; Anoctamin-1; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Chloride Channels; Chondroblastoma; Chondrosarcoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Histones; Humans; Mutation; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Osteosarcoma; SOX9 Transcription Factor
PubMed: 28557595
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0281-RS -
Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research Nov 2015Melanocytic nevi are a benign clonal proliferation of cells expressing the melanocytic phenotype, with heterogeneous clinical and molecular characteristics. In this... (Review)
Review
Melanocytic nevi are a benign clonal proliferation of cells expressing the melanocytic phenotype, with heterogeneous clinical and molecular characteristics. In this review, we discuss the genetics of nevi by salient nevi subtypes: congenital melanocytic nevi, acquired melanocytic nevi, blue nevi, and Spitz nevi. While the molecular etiology of nevi has been less thoroughly studied than melanoma, it is clear that nevi and melanoma share common driver mutations. Acquired melanocytic nevi harbor oncogenic mutations in BRAF, which is the predominant oncogene associated with melanoma. Congenital melanocytic nevi and blue nevi frequently harbor NRAS mutations and GNAQ mutations, respectively, while Spitz and atypical Spitz tumors often exhibit HRAS and kinase rearrangements. These initial 'driver' mutations are thought to trigger the establishment of benign nevi. After this initial phase of the cell proliferation, a senescence program is executed, causing termination of nevi growth. Only upon the emergence of additional tumorigenic alterations, which may provide an escape from oncogene-induced senescence, can malignant progression occur. Here, we review the current literature on the pathobiology and genetics of nevi in the hope that additional studies of nevi promise to inform our understanding of the transition from benign neoplasm to malignancy.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Nevus, Pigmented; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 26300491
DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12412