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International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2023The aim of this study was to analyse the quality of indoor air in sport facilities in one of the sport centres in Poland with respect to microclimatic parameters...
The aim of this study was to analyse the quality of indoor air in sport facilities in one of the sport centres in Poland with respect to microclimatic parameters (temperature, humidity, and air flow velocity), particulate matter concentrations (PM10, PM4, PM2.5, and PM1), gas concentrations (oxygen, ozone, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and benzopyrene), and microbial contamination (the total number of bacteria, specifically staphylococci, including Staphylococcus aureus, haemolytic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, actinomycetes, and the total number of fungi and xerophilic fungi). Measurements were made three times in May 2022 at 28 sampling points in 5 different sporting areas (the climbing wall, swimming pool, swimming pool changing room, and basketball and badminton courts) depending on the time of day (morning or afternoon) and on the outside building. The obtained results were compared with the standards for air quality in sports facilities. The air temperature (21−31 °C) was at the upper limit of thermal comfort, while the air humidity (RH < 40%) in the sports halls in most of the locations was below demanded values. The values for dust pollution in all rooms, except the swimming pool, exceeded the permissible limits, especially in the afternoons. Climatic conditions correlated with a high concentration of dust in the indoor air. Particulate matter concentrations of all fractions exceeded the WHO guidelines in all researched premises; the largest exceedances of standards occurred for PM2.5 (five-fold) and for PM10 (two-fold). There were no exceedances of gaseous pollutant concentrations in the air, except for benzopyrene, which resulted from the influence of the outside air. The total number of bacteria (5.1 × 101−2.0 × 104 CFU m−3) and fungi (3.0 × 101−3.75 × 102 CFU m−3) was exceeded in the changing room and the climbing wall hall. An increased number of staphylococci in the afternoon was associated with a large number of people training. The increased concentration of xerophilic fungi in the air correlated with the high dust content and low air humidity. Along with the increase in the number of users in the afternoon and their activities, the concentration of dust (several times) and microorganisms (1−2 log) in the air increased by several times and 1−2 log, respectively. The present study indicates which air quality parameters should be monitored and provides guidelines on how to increase the comfort of those who practice sports and work in sports facilities.
Topics: Humans; Dust; Air Pollution, Indoor; Particulate Matter; Sulfur Dioxide; Basketball; Benzopyrenes; Air Pollutants; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 36674305
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021551 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds comprised of carbon and hydrogen molecules in a cyclic arrangement. PAHs are associated with risks to... (Review)
Review
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds comprised of carbon and hydrogen molecules in a cyclic arrangement. PAHs are associated with risks to human health, especially carcinogenesis. One form of exposure to these compounds is through ingestion of contaminated food, which can occur during preparation and processing involving high temperatures (e.g., grilling, smoking, toasting, roasting, and frying) as well as through PAHs present in the soil, air, and water (i.e., environmental pollution). Differently from changes caused by microbiological characteristics and lipid oxidation, consumers cannot sensorially perceive PAH contamination in food products, thereby hindering their ability to reject these foods. Herein, the occurrence and biological effects of PAHs were comprehensively explored, as well as analytical methods to monitor their levels, legislations, and strategies to reduce their generation in food products. This review updates the current knowledge and addresses recent regulation changes concerning the widespread PAHs contamination in several types of food, often surpassing the concentration limits deemed acceptable by current legislations. Therefore, effective measures involving different food processing strategies are needed to prevent and reduce PAHs contamination, thereby decreasing human exposure and detrimental health effects. Furthermore, gaps in literature have been addressed to provide a basis for future studies.
Topics: Benzopyrenes; Carcinogenesis; Charcoal; Cooking; DNA Adducts; Environmental Pollution; Food; Food Analysis; Food Handling; Humans; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PubMed: 34199457
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116010 -
Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Jun 2020To analyze the effect of benzopyrene on the decrease of dopaminergic neurons, and the increase and aggregation of α-synuclein, which are the pathological features of...
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the effect of benzopyrene on the decrease of dopaminergic neurons, and the increase and aggregation of α-synuclein, which are the pathological features of Parkinson's disease, and to explore its possible mechanisms.
METHODS
Eight-month-old transgenic mice with human gene were randomly divided into a BaP-exposed group and a control group. BaP and solvent corn oil were injected intraperitoneally to BaP-exposed group and control group respectively, once a day for 60 days. The motor dysfunction of mice was tested by rotarod test. The effects of BaP on the decrease of dopaminergic neurons and increase and aggregation of α-synuclein were observed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot experiments respectively, and the expression of related mRNA was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Twenty genes were tested in the study, mainly related to neurotransmitter transporter (2 genes), neurotransmitter receptor function (10 genes), cellular autophagy (5 genes), and α-synuclein aggregation and degradation (3 genes).
RESULTS
After BaP exposure, the movement time of the mice in the rotarod test was significantly reduced (<0.05). The substantia nigra dopami-nergic neurons in the mice were significantly reduced, which was 62% of the control group (<0.05), and the expression of α-synuclein in the midbrain increased, which was 1.36 times that of the control group (<0.05). After BaP exposure, mRNA expressions of 14 genes in the midbrain of the mice were significantly down-regulated (<0.05). Alpha-synuclein degradation and cell autophagy (5 genes), neuron transporters (2 genes), and neurotransmitter receptor functions (5 genes) were involved. The expression of one gene, , was significantly up-regulated (<0.01), which was related to α-synuclein aggregation.
CONCLUSION
BaP exposure not only inhibited function of neurotransmitter receptor and dopamine transporter, but also interfered cell autophagy, thereby hindering the degradation of α-synuclein, which could lead to decrease of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and increase and aggregation of α-synuclein in midbrain, as the significant pathology of Parkinson's disease. Therefore, BaP exposure may increase the risk of Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Animals; Benzo(a)pyrene; Brain; Dopamine; Dopaminergic Neurons; Humans; Mice; alpha-Synuclein
PubMed: 32541975
DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.03.007 -
Preventive Medicine Mar 1984In 1946, when the causes of lung cancer were much less well understood than they are now, a meeting was held by the British Medical Research Council to review hypotheses... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
In 1946, when the causes of lung cancer were much less well understood than they are now, a meeting was held by the British Medical Research Council to review hypotheses to explain the remarkable increase in the death rates from lung cancer and to determine strategy. Stocks came away from the meeting to study the community aspects of air pollution, which he did by extending his series of correlation studies, Kennaway to conduct studies of carcinogens in the air, and Hill to carry out a study of smoking in relation to lung cancer. It is now known, of course, that cigarette smoking is by far the most important cause of lung cancer and that about a dozen occupational exposures are also established as causes of this disease. There has been continuing uncertainty about the role of general air pollution. During the past few years, this uncertainty has been compounded with anxiety that the increasing use of diesel-powered vehicles might lead to a deterioration in air quality and, with it, an increase in the incidence of lung cancer. The purpose of this paper is to assess the current role of air pollution as a factor in lung cancer and specifically the contribution of diesel exhaust emissions to the incidence of that disease.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Air Pollutants; Air Pollutants, Occupational; Benzene; Benzopyrenes; Coal; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Smoking; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United Kingdom; United States; Vehicle Emissions
PubMed: 6204329
DOI: 10.1016/0091-7435(84)90052-5 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Aug 2022Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are ubiquitous contaminants in environment and foodstuffs, which increase the chance of their combined exposure to...
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are ubiquitous contaminants in environment and foodstuffs, which increase the chance of their combined exposure to humans in daily life. However, the combined effects of DBP and BaP on liver and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we explored the combined effects of DBP and BaP on liver and the potential mechanisms in a rat model. We found that DBP and BaP co-exposure activated the MyD88/NF-κB pathway through increasing TLR4 acetylation (TLR4ac) level, leading to the imbalance of pro-inflammatory factors (CXCL-13, IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10), ultimately resulting in liver tissue damage and functional changes. Sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum (SSGL) had strong alleviating effects on liver injury induced by DBP and BaP co-exposure. Our study found that SSGL suppressed TLR4ac-regulated MyD88/NF-κB signaling to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory factors, and promote the secretion of IL-10, thus alleviating liver injury caused by DBP and BaP co-exposure. In conclusion, SSGL contributed to liver protection against DBP and BaP-induced liver injury in rats via suppressing the TLR4ac-regulated MyD88/NF-κB signaling.
Topics: Animals; Benzopyrenes; Dibutyl Phthalate; Humans; Interleukin-10; Liver; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; NF-kappa B; Rats; Reishi; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 35696964
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113750 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Apr 2022The gut microbiome is a key contributor to xenobiotic metabolism. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an abundant class of environmental contaminants that have...
The gut microbiome is a key contributor to xenobiotic metabolism. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an abundant class of environmental contaminants that have varying levels of carcinogenicity depending on their individual structures. Little is known about how the gut microbiome affects the rates of PAH metabolism. This study sought to determine the role that the gut microbiome has in determining the various aspects of metabolism in the liver, before and after exposure to two structurally different PAHs, benzo[]pyrene and 1-nitropyrene. Following exposures, the metabolic rates of PAH metabolism were measured, and activity-based protein profiling was performed. We observed differences in PAH metabolism rates between germ-free and conventional mice under both unexposed and exposed conditions. Our activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) analysis showed that, under unexposed conditions, there were only minor differences in total P450 activity in germ-free mice relative to conventional mice. However, we observed distinct activity profiles in response to corn oil vehicle and PAH treatment, primarily in the case of 1-NP treatment. This study revealed that the repertoire of active P450s in the liver is impacted by the presence of the gut microbiome, which modifies PAH metabolism in a substrate-specific fashion.
Topics: Animals; Benzo(a)pyrene; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Pyrenes; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 35347982
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00360 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Dec 2022In a previous study our group identified Bacillus sp. strain M1 as an efficient decomposer of high molecular weight-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs)....
In a previous study our group identified Bacillus sp. strain M1 as an efficient decomposer of high molecular weight-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs). Interestingly, its removal efficiency for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was nearly double that of pyrene (Pyr), which was the reverse of what is reported for most other species. Here we compared the differential steps of biosorption, transmembrane transport and biodegradation of Pyr and BaP by strain M1 in order to assist in targeted selection of dominant strains and their degradation efficiency in the remediation of these two HMW-PAHs. The overall biosorption efficiency for BaP was 19% higher than that for Pyr, and the time needed to reach BaP peak adsorption efficiency was 4 days shorter than for Pyr. Transmembrane transport of the PAHs was compared in presence of sodium azide which inhibits ATP synthesis and metabolism. This indicated that both Pyr and BaP entered the cells by the same means of passive transport. Biodegradation of Pyr and BaP did not differ in the early stage of culture, but around days 5-7, the biodegradation efficiency of BaP was significantly (30-61%) higher than that of Pyr. Key enzymes involved in these processes were identified and their activity differed, with intracellular gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase and extracellular polyphenol oxidase as likely candidates to be involved in BaP degradation, while intracellular catechol-1,2- dioxygenase and salicylate hydroxylase are more likely involved in Pyr degradation. These results provide new insights for sustainable environmental remediation of pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene by these bacteria.
Topics: Benzo(a)pyrene; Bacillus; Adsorption; Pyrenes; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PubMed: 36436257
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114328 -
British Journal of Cancer Aug 1998Benzo(a)pyrene and benzene are human carcinogens. The metabolic activation of these compounds into ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolites is prerequisite for...
Benzo(a)pyrene and benzene are human carcinogens. The metabolic activation of these compounds into ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolites is prerequisite for their carcinogenic effects. In this report, the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of hydroquinones of benzo(a)pyrene and benzene was investigated to address two important questions: (1) do hydroquinones contribute to benzo(a)pyrene and benzene carcinogenicity; and (2) how safe is it to increase the levels of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a key enzyme in the generation of hydroquinone. The supF tRNA of the plasmid pSP189 was used as the mutational target in a cell-free and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell system to study hydroquinone mutagenicity. RNA and protein-free pSP189 DNA was incubated in a cell-free system with benzo(a)pyrene-3,6-quinone and purified NQO1 or with benzoquinone hydroquinone to generate adducted pSP189 DNA. The adducted pSP189 DNA was transfected in human embryonic kidney cells Ad293. In the CHO cell system, monolayer cultures of CHO cells and CHO cells overexpressing NQO1 or P450 reductase were transfected with pSP189 vector DNA, treated with benzo(a)pyrene-3,6-quinone. The adducted and replicated pSP189 DNA was rescued from transfected Ad293 (cell-free system) and CHO cells (CHO cell system), digested with the restriction enzyme Dpn1 to remove unreplicated DNA followed by transformation in Escherichia coli MBM7070. The mutant colonies [white/pale blue on 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside/isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactoside (X-gal/IPTG) plates] were selected, regrown and analysed by DNA sequencing. Mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that hydroquinones cause sequence-specific frameshift mutations involving deletion of a single cytosine from the DNA sequence 5'-172-CCCCC176-3' or a single guanosine from the complementary strand sequence 5'-GGGGG-3' in the supF tRNA gene. This mutation was specific to the hydroquinones, as it was not observed with quinones and other components of the redox cycling (semiquinones and reactive oxygen species). Exposure of BALBc/3T3 cells to hydroquinones resulted in cellular transformation leading to the loss of contact inhibition and regulation of cell growth. The transformation efficiency of BALBc/3T3 cells exposed to hydroquinones was significantly increased by the tumour promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), indicating that hydroquinones are excellent initiators that require additional co-carcinogens or promoters to exert an effect. The hydroquinone + TPA as well as hydroquinone-transformed BALBc/3T3 cells, when injected s.c. in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, produced tumours at 100% frequency. These results establish that hydroquinones lead to mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.
Topics: 3T3 Cells; Animals; Benzene; Benzopyrenes; CHO Cells; Carcinogens; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Cricetinae; Frameshift Mutation; Genes, p53; Genes, ras; Humans; Hydroquinones; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, SCID; Mutagens; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); Neoplasm Transplantation; Skin Neoplasms; Transfection
PubMed: 9703276
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.492 -
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences Jun 2015Toxic and harmful factors co-exist in the environment; these factors often interact to induce combined toxicity, which is the main focus of toxicological research....
Toxic and harmful factors co-exist in the environment; these factors often interact to induce combined toxicity, which is the main focus of toxicological research. Furthermore, a large number of studies have shown that aluminum (Al) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are neurotoxic and target the central nervous system to cause neuronal apoptosis. Because we are exposed to both Al and BaP in the air, water, food, and even medicine, the combined effects of these agents in humans must be examined. The present study examines the ability of Al and BaP co-exposure to intensify neuronal apoptosis. The primary neurons of newborn rats were cultured for 5 days, and cells from the same batch that were growing well were selected and assigned to the blank control group, the solvent control group (DMSO+S9+maltol), BaP groups (10, 40 μmol/L), Al (mal)3 groups (50, 100, 400 μmol/L) and co-exposure groups with different combinations of BaP and Al (mal)3. The cell viabilities indicated that 10 μM BaP or 50 μM Al (mal)3 was mildly toxic, and we selected 10 μM BaP+50 μM Al (mal)3 for subsequent co-exposure experiments. The morphological characteristics of cell apoptosis were much more obvious in the co-exposure group than in the Al-exposed cells or the BaP-exposed cells, as observed with a transmission electron microscope and a fluorescence inverted microscope. The apoptotic rates and caspase-3 activity quantitatively significantly differed between the co-exposure and Al-exposure groups, while the BaP-exposure group did not significantly differ from the control group. These results indicate that Al and BaP co-exposure exert synergistic effects on neuronal cell apoptosis.
Topics: Aluminum Compounds; Animals; Apoptosis; Benzopyrenes; Caspase 3; Cells, Cultured; Drug Synergism; Environmental Pollutants; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 25971159
DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.365 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Dec 1981Benzo(a)pyrene(BaP) originating from fossil fuel and other organic combustion processes is largely adsorbed on fine particulate and hence is a widespread atmospheric... (Review)
Review
Benzo(a)pyrene(BaP) originating from fossil fuel and other organic combustion processes is largely adsorbed on fine particulate and hence is a widespread atmospheric pollutant. Available emissions and air quality data are based on the total weight of particulate matter without reference to size and give little information on trends and concentrations of fine particulate BaP. Greater reliance on coal, synfuels and diesel fuel for energy production and transportation will significantly increase ambient levels of BaP. Because of the particulate size, BaP is substantially deposited in the lower lung and readily eluted into surrounding tissue. After elution in the lung, BaP is metabolically activated to its electrophilic, carcinogenic from by a complex enzyme system whose activity is increased by prior exposure to air pollutants, cigarette smoke and certain drugs. The resultant diol epoxide metabolite has been shown to bind covalently with the DNA of the lung. In experimental animals, BaP is a potent initiating carcinogen whose action is enhanced by sulfur dioxide, promoting agents and carrier fine particles. The effect of small, divided doses of BaP has been shown to be greater than that of a single high dose; no threshold has been established. Epidemiological studies show that mixtures containing BaP (such as urban air, industrial emissions and cigarette smoke) are carcinogenic and may interact synergistically. Occupational studies indicate that the action of BaP-containing mixtures is enhanced in the presence of SO2. However, quantitative risk assessment for BaP is precluded by problems in extrapolating to the general population from small-scale animal studies; uncertainties in findings of epidemiology; and imprecise exposure data. Existing stationary and mobile controls preferentially remove coarse particulate matter and are inefficient collectors of the particulate BaP. In the current absence of health and environmental standards for BaP, there is little incentive to control BaP emissions. BaP meets the criteria for regulation under the Clean Air Act; however, no such BaP standards have yet been proposed.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Animals; Benzo(a)pyrene; Benzopyrenes; Carcinogens, Environmental; DNA; Epidemiology; Humans; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Particle Size; United States
PubMed: 6277615
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8142163