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Studies in Mycology Sep 2014The genus Bipolaris includes important plant pathogens with worldwide distribution. Species recognition in the genus has been uncertain due to the lack of molecular data...
The genus Bipolaris includes important plant pathogens with worldwide distribution. Species recognition in the genus has been uncertain due to the lack of molecular data from ex-type cultures as well as overlapping morphological characteristics. In this study, we revise the genus Bipolaris based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates, available ex-type cultures from worldwide collections and observation of type and additional specimens. Combined analyses of ITS, GPDH and TEF gene sequences were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the genus Bipolaris for species with living cultures. The GPDH gene is determined to be the best single marker for species of Bipolaris. Generic boundaries between Bipolaris and Curvularia are revised and presented in an updated combined ITS and GPDH phylogenetic tree. We accept 47 species in the genus Bipolaris and clarify the taxonomy, host associations, geographic distributions and species' synonymies. Modern descriptions and illustrations are provided for 38 species in the genus with notes provided for the other taxa when recent descriptions are available. Bipolaris cynodontis, B. oryzae, B. victoriae, B. yamadae and B. zeicola are epi- or neotypified and a lectotype is designated for B. stenospila. Excluded and doubtful species are listed with notes on taxonomy and phylogeny. Seven new combinations are introduced in the genus Curvularia to accomodate the species of Bipolaris transferred based on the phylogenetic analysis. A taxonomic key is provided for the morphological identification of species within the genus.
PubMed: 25492990
DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.10.002 -
Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research 2019To report the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and treatment of a rare case of keratitis caused by pigmented fungi
PURPOSE
To report the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and treatment of a rare case of keratitis caused by pigmented fungi
CASE REPORT
A 55-year-old man presented with a history of trauma with vegetative matter in his left eye. Slit lamp biomicroscopic examination revealed the presence of a brownish-black pigmented plaque with surrounding infiltrates. Corneal scrapings revealed multiple septate hyphae. Culture revealed growth of the species. The patient was treated with topical natamycin 5%, topical voriconazole 1%, and oral itraconazole followed by intracameral amphotericin B (5 μg/mL). The patient responded well to the treatment.
CONCLUSION
Brown pigmented infiltrates are an important clinical feature of dematiaceous fungi. is a rare cause of corneal phaeohyphomycosis. Our patient responded well to intracameral amphotericin B, which obviated the need for penetrating keratoplasty.
PubMed: 31875106
DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v14i4.5461 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2023Spot blotch (SB) caused by (teleomorph ) is one of the devastating diseases of wheat in the warm and humid growing areas around the world. can infect leaves, stem,... (Review)
Review
Spot blotch (SB) caused by (teleomorph ) is one of the devastating diseases of wheat in the warm and humid growing areas around the world. can infect leaves, stem, roots, rachis and seeds, and is able to produce toxins like helminthosporol and sorokinianin. No wheat variety is immune to SB; hence, an integrated disease management strategy is indispensable in disease prone areas. A range of fungicides, especially the triazole group, have shown good effects in reducing the disease, and crop-rotation, tillage and early sowing are among the favorable cultural management methods. Resistance is mostly quantitative, being governed by QTLs with minor effects, mapped on all the wheat chromosomes. Only four QTLs with major effects have been designated as through . Despite, marker assisted breeding for SB resistance in wheat is scarce. Better understanding of wheat genome assemblies, functional genomics and cloning of resistance genes will further accelerate breeding for SB resistance in wheat.
PubMed: 36895883
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1098648 -
Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Dec 2021In this review, we examine the fungal spore killers. These are meiotic drive elements that cheat during sexual reproduction to increase their transmission into the next... (Review)
Review
In this review, we examine the fungal spore killers. These are meiotic drive elements that cheat during sexual reproduction to increase their transmission into the next generation. Spore killing has been detected in a number of ascomycete genera, including , , , , and Fusarium. There have been major recent advances in spore killer research that have increased our understanding of the molecular identity, function, and evolutionary history of the known killers. The spore killers vary in the mechanism by which they kill and are divided into killer-target and poison-antidote drivers. In killer-target systems, the drive locus encodes an element that can be described as a killer, while the target is an allele found tightly linked to the drive locus but on the nondriving haplotype. The poison-antidote drive systems encode both a poison and an antidote element within the drive locus. The key to drive in this system is the restricted distribution of the antidote: only the spores that inherit the drive locus receive the antidote and are rescued from the toxicity of the poison. Spore killers also vary in their genome architecture and can consist of a single gene or multiple linked genes. Due to their ability to distort meiosis, spore killers gain a selective advantage at the gene level that allows them to increase in frequency in a population over time, even if they reduce host fitness, and they may have significant impact on genome architecture and macroevolutionary processes such as speciation.
Topics: Genes, Fungal; Meiosis; Schizosaccharomyces; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 34756084
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00016-21 -
Genes Aug 2022Spot blotch (SB) caused by (Sacc.) Shoem is a destructive fungal disease affecting wheat and many other crops. Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) offers opportunities to...
Spot blotch (SB) caused by (Sacc.) Shoem is a destructive fungal disease affecting wheat and many other crops. Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) offers opportunities to explore new resistance genes for SB for introgression into elite bread wheat. The objectives of our study were to evaluate a collection of 441 SHWs for resistance to SB and to identify potential new genomic regions associated with the disease. The panel exhibited high SB resistance, with 250 accessions showing resistance and 161 showing moderate resistance reactions. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed a total of 41 significant marker-trait associations for resistance to SB, being located on chromosomes 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3D, 4A, 4D, 5A, 5D, 6D, 7A, and 7D; yet none of them exhibited a major phenotypic effect. In addition, a partial least squares regression was conducted to validate the marker-trait associations, and 15 markers were found to be most important for SB resistance in the panel. To our knowledge, this is the first GWAS to investigate SB resistance in SHW that identified markers and resistant SHW lines to be utilized in wheat breeding.
Topics: Chromosome Mapping; Disease Resistance; Genome-Wide Association Study; Plant Breeding; Plant Diseases; Triticum
PubMed: 36011298
DOI: 10.3390/genes13081387 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023, , and genera contain various devastating plant pathogens that cause severe crop losses worldwide. The species belonging to these genera also perform a variety of... (Review)
Review
, , and genera contain various devastating plant pathogens that cause severe crop losses worldwide. The species belonging to these genera also perform a variety of diverse functions, including the remediation of environmental contaminations, beneficial phytohormone production, and maintaining their lifestyle as epiphytes, endophytes, and saprophytes. Recent research has revealed that despite their pathogenic nature, these fungi also play an intriguing role in agriculture. They act as phosphate solubilizers and produce phytohormones, such as indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GAs), to accelerate the growth of various plants. Some species have also been reported to play a significant role in plant growth promotion during abiotic stresses, such as salinity stress, drought stress, heat stress, and heavy metal stress, as well as act as a biocontrol agent and a potential mycoherbicide. Similarly, these species have been reported in numerous industrial applications to produce different types of secondary metabolites and biotechnological products and possess a variety of biological properties, such as antibacterial, antileishmanial, cytotoxic, phytotoxic, and antioxidant activities. Additionally, some of the species have been utilized in the production of numerous valuable industrial enzymes and biotransformation, which has an impact on the growth of crops all over the world. However, the current literature is dispersed, and some of the key areas, such as taxonomy, phylogeny, genome sequencing, phytohormonal analysis, and diversity, are still being neglected in terms of the elucidation of its mechanisms, plant growth promotion, stress tolerance, and bioremediation. In this review, we highlighted the potential role, function, and diversity of , , and for improved utilization during environmental biotechnology.
PubMed: 36836368
DOI: 10.3390/jof9020254 -
TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics.... Jun 2022Genomic selection is a promising tool to select for spot blotch resistance and index-based selection can simultaneously select for spot blotch resistance, heading and...
Genomic selection is a promising tool to select for spot blotch resistance and index-based selection can simultaneously select for spot blotch resistance, heading and plant height. A major biotic stress challenging bread wheat production in regions characterized by humid and warm weather is spot blotch caused by the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana. Since genomic selection (GS) is a promising selection tool, we evaluated its potential for spot blotch in seven breeding panels comprising 6736 advanced lines from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. Our results indicated moderately high mean genomic prediction accuracies of 0.53 and 0.40 within and across breeding panels, respectively which were on average 177.6% and 60.4% higher than the mean accuracies from fixed effects models using selected spot blotch loci. Genomic prediction was also evaluated in full-sibs and half-sibs panels and sibs were predicted with the highest mean accuracy (0.63) from a composite training population with random full-sibs and half-sibs. The mean accuracies when full-sibs were predicted from other full-sibs within families and when full-sibs panels were predicted from other half-sibs panels were 0.47 and 0.44, respectively. Comparison of GS with phenotypic selection (PS) of the top 10% of resistant lines suggested that GS could be an ideal tool to discard susceptible lines, as greater than 90% of the susceptible lines discarded by PS were also discarded by GS. We have also reported the evaluation of selection indices to simultaneously select non-late and non-tall genotypes with low spot blotch phenotypic values and genomic-estimated breeding values. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of integrating GS and index-based selection for improving spot blotch resistance in bread wheat.
Topics: Ascomycota; Bread; Genomics; Humans; Phenotype; Plant Breeding; Plant Diseases; Triticum
PubMed: 35416483
DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04087-y -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021Nine previously undescribed sesquiterpenoids, bipolarisorokins A-I (-); two new xanthones, bipolarithones A and B ( and ); two novel sativene-xanthone adducts,...
Nine previously undescribed sesquiterpenoids, bipolarisorokins A-I (-); two new xanthones, bipolarithones A and B ( and ); two novel sativene-xanthone adducts, bipolarithones C and D ( and ); as well as five known compounds (-) were characterized from the kiwifruit-associated fungus sp. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), C NMR calculations, DP4+ probability analyses, and single crystal X-ray diffractions. Many compounds exhibited anti-pathogenic microorganism activity against the bacterium pv. and four pathogenic microorganisms.
PubMed: 35049949
DOI: 10.3390/jof8010009 -
Frontiers in Fungal Biology 2022The filamentous ascomycete is a plant pathogen that causes corn leaf blight and has been used in cytological studies of sexual reproduction. In this fungus, when null...
The filamentous ascomycete is a plant pathogen that causes corn leaf blight and has been used in cytological studies of sexual reproduction. In this fungus, when null mutants of each septin are crossed with the wild-type strain, all ascospores derived from the same asci show abnormal morphology. The phenomenon was remarkably similar to the event known as "ascus dominance" in , which is known to be caused by MSUD (meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA). However, it is not clear whether possesses functional MSUD. The object of this study is to elucidate whether this fungus carries a functional MSUD system that causes ascus dominance in the crosses of septin mutants and the wild-type strain. The results of homozygous and heterozygous crossing tests with mutants, having the insertional -septin gene sequence into the genome, suggested that the ascus dominance in is triggered by the unpaired DNA as in . To investigate whether MSUD is caused by the same mechanism as in , an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, one of the essential factors in MSUD, was identified and disrupted (Δ) in . When the Δ strain was crossed with each mutant of the septins, ascus dominance did not occur in all crosses. These results suggest that this ascus dominance is caused by RNA silencing triggered by an unpaired gene, as in , and septin genes were affected by this silencing. To date, although MSUD has been found only in and , which are classified as Sordariomycetes, this study showed that MSUD is also functional in , which is classified as a Dothideomycete. These results showed the possibility that this posttranscriptional regulation is extensively conserved among filamentous ascomycetes.
PubMed: 37746229
DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.931888 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Wheat is among the ten top and most widely grown crops in the world. Several diseases cause losses in wheat production in different parts of the world. (teleomorph, )... (Review)
Review
Wheat is among the ten top and most widely grown crops in the world. Several diseases cause losses in wheat production in different parts of the world. (teleomorph, ) is one of the wheat pathogens that can attack all wheat parts, including seeds, roots, shoots, and leaves. Black point, root rot, crown rot and spot blotch are the main diseases caused by in wheat. Seed infection by can result in black point disease, reducing seed quality and seed germination and is considered a main source of inoculum for diseases such as common root rot and spot blotch. Root rot and crown rot diseases, which result from soil-borne or seed-borne inoculum, can result in yield losses in wheat. Spot blotch disease affects wheat in different parts of the world and cause significant losses in grain yield. This review paper summarizes the latest findings on , with a specific emphasis on management using genetic, chemical, cultural, and biological control measures.
Topics: Ascomycota; Bipolaris; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 33777829
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.584899