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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Sep 2023Metabolic enzyme activity and microbial composition of the air-curing and fermentation processes determine the quality of cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs). In this study, we...
Metabolic enzyme activity and microbial composition of the air-curing and fermentation processes determine the quality of cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs). In this study, we reveal the evolution of the dominant microorganisms and microbial community structure at different stages of the air-curing and fermentation processes of CTLs. The results showed that the changes in metabolic enzymes occurred mainly during the air-curing phase, with polyphenol oxidase (PPO) being the most active at the browning phase. Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, Vibrio, Monographella, Bipolaris, and Aspergillus were the key microorganisms in the air-curing and fermentation processes. Principal coordinate analysis revealed significant separation of microbial communities between the air-curing and fermentation phases. Redundancy analysis showed that bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Acidobacteriota and fungi such as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were correlated with enzyme activity and temperature and humidity. Bacteria mainly act in sugar metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, while fungi mainly degrade lignin, cellulose, and pectin through saprophytic action. Spearman correlation network analysis showed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the key bacterial taxa, while Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes were the key fungal taxa. This research provides the basis for improving the quality of cigars by improving the air-curing and fermentation processes. KEY POINTS: • Changes in POD and PPO activity control the color change of CTLs at the air-curing stage. • Monographella, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio play an important role in air-curing and fermentation. • Environmental temperature and humidity mainly affect the fermentation process, whereas bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Acidobacteriota and fungi such as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are associated with enzyme activity and temperature and humidity.
Topics: Nicotiana; Fermentation; Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Firmicutes; Ascomycota; Acidobacteria; Bacteroidetes; Tobacco Products; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 37458766
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12663-5 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Feb 2024Chemical fertilizers are the primary source of crop nutrition; however, their increasing rate of application has created environmental hazards, such as heavy metal...
Enhanced use of chemical fertilizers and mitigation of heavy metal toxicity using biochar and the soil fungus Bipolaris maydis AF7 in rice: Genomic and metabolomic perspectives.
Chemical fertilizers are the primary source of crop nutrition; however, their increasing rate of application has created environmental hazards, such as heavy metal toxicity and eutrophication. The synchronized use of chemical fertilizers and eco-friendly biological tools, such as microorganisms and biochar, may provide an efficient foundation to promote sustainable agriculture. Therefore, the current study aimed to optimize the nutrient uptake using an inorganic fertilizer, sulfate of potash (SOP) from the plant growth-promoting fungus Bipolaris maydis AF7, and biochar under heavy metal toxicity conditions in rice. Bioassay analysis showed that AF7 has high resistance to heavy metals and a tendency to produce gibberellin, colonize the fertilizer, and increase the intake of free amino acids. In the plant experiment, the co-application of AF7 +Biochar+MNF+SOP significantly lowered the heavy metal toxicity, enhanced the nutrient uptake in the rice shoots, and improved the morphological attributes (total biomass). Moreover, the co-application augmented the glucose and sucrose levels, whereas it significantly lowered the endogenous phytohormone levels (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid) in the rice shoots. The increase in nutrient content aligns with the higher expression of the OsLSi6, PHT1, and OsHKT1 genes. The plant growth traits and heavy metal tolerance of AF7 were validated by whole-genome sequencing that showed the presence of the heavy metal tolerance and detoxification protein, siderophore iron transporter, Gibberellin cluster GA4 desaturase, and DES_1 genes, as well as others that regulate glucose, antioxidants, and amino acids. Because the AF7 +biochar+inorganic fertilizer works synergistically, nutrient availability to the crops could be improved, and heavy metal toxicity and environmental hazards could be minimized.
Topics: Soil; Fertilizers; Oryza; Gibberellins; Charcoal; Metals, Heavy; Genomics; Fungi; Amino Acids; Glucose; Bipolaris
PubMed: 38218102
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115938 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2023is the pathogenic microorganism of southern corn leaf blight, a persistent biotic constraint responsible for substantial yield losses of corn worldwide. In the present...
is the pathogenic microorganism of southern corn leaf blight, a persistent biotic constraint responsible for substantial yield losses of corn worldwide. In the present study, 96 isolates from six representative fields growing single and multiple sweet corn cultivars in Pingnan, Fuqing, and Jian'ou in Fujian Province, which are characterized by different geographical characteristics and cropping patterns, were genetically analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to assess the impact of geographical origins and corn cultivars on population differentiation. isolates originated from diverse regions possessed higher genetic variety than those from single and multiple sweet corn cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates from single and multiple sweet corn cultivars were randomly grouped into different clusters, with those from the same location tending to form clusters. A greater genetic differentiation among different geographical populations than between those from single and multiple sweet corn cultivars was observed by pairwise comparison. Hierarchical analysis indicated that among-population variation was higher when comparatively analyzed populations from different locations than in those from single and multiple sweet corn cultivars. In conclusion, these results suggest that geographical origin acts a more considerable role in genetic differentiation of than corn cultivar. Two divided genetic clusters were detected in the populations from single and multiple sweet corn cultivars at the three locations in Fujian Province, with major genetic variation being derived within populations. The high haplotypic diversity and expected mating type ratio of 1:1 in combination with significant linkage disequilibrium suggested that a mixed reproductive strategy occurs in the population in Fujian Province. This study will enrich the information on the role that geographical origins and corn cultivars play in the population structure of the pathogen as well as the reproductive strategies in population in Fujian Province.
PubMed: 37860250
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1232414 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024partitivirus 36 (BmPV36) is a mycovirus that can significantly reduce the virulence of the host , but its hypovirulence mechanism is not clear. To investigate the...
partitivirus 36 (BmPV36) is a mycovirus that can significantly reduce the virulence of the host , but its hypovirulence mechanism is not clear. To investigate the response of to BmPV36, the effects of BmPV36 on host cell structure and gene expression were studied via transmission electron microscopy and transcriptome sequencing using BmPV36-carrying and virus-free mycelium on the second and fifth culture. The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell wall microfibrils of were shortened, the cell membrane was broken, and membrane-bound vesicles and vacuoles appeared in the cells after carrying BmPV36. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that after carrying BmPV36, membrane-related genes were significantly up-regulated, but membrane transport-related genes were significantly down-regulated. Genes related to carbohydrate macromolecule polysaccharide metabolic and catabolic processes were significantly down-regulated, as were genes related to the synthesis of toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes. Therefore, we speculated that BmPV36 reduces the virulence of by destroying the host's cell structure, inhibiting the synthesis of toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes, and reducing cell metabolism. Gaining insights into the hypovirulence mechanism of mycoviruses will provide environmentally friendly strategies for the control of fungal diseases.
PubMed: 38392805
DOI: 10.3390/jof10020133 -
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions :... Jul 2023, one of the most devastating hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens, causes root rot, crown rot, leaf blotching, and black embryos of gramineous crops worldwide, posing a...
, one of the most devastating hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens, causes root rot, crown rot, leaf blotching, and black embryos of gramineous crops worldwide, posing a serious threat to global food security. However, the host-pathogen interaction mechanism between and wheat remains poorly understood. To facilitate related studies, we sequenced and assembled the genome of LK93. Nanopore long reads and next generation sequencing short reads were applied in the genome assembly, and the final 36.4-Mb genome assembly contains 16 contigs with the contig N of 2.3 Mb. Subsequently, we annotated 11,811 protein-coding genes. Of these, 10,620 were functional genes, 258 of which were identified as secretory proteins, including 211 predicted effectors. Additionally, the 111,581-bp mitogenome of LK93 was assembled and annotated. The LK93 genomes presented in this study will facilitate research in the -wheat pathosystem for better control of crop diseases. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Topics: Ascomycota; Triticum; Genome, Mitochondrial; Bipolaris; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 36802869
DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-09-22-0196-A -
Plant Disease Jul 2023Green bristlegrass () is an annual dominant herb in arid sandy grasslands with strong drought resistance to water stress (Valença et al. 2020). In August 2021, brown or...
Green bristlegrass () is an annual dominant herb in arid sandy grasslands with strong drought resistance to water stress (Valença et al. 2020). In August 2021, brown or dark tan spots on the leaves of were observed on natural grassland in Qingyang city, Gansu Province, China (36.55°N, 107.32°E). Leaf disease incidence was around 13%, and the infected area of each leaf was about 20%. For isolation, 30 tissue pieces (5×5 mm) from 10 symptomatic leaf samples were surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds and rinsed three times with steriled distilled water. Then these tissues were placed on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25 °C, and incubated in dark from 2 to 5 days. Sixteen single-spored cultures with consistent colony characteristics were obtained by single spore isolation as described in Manamgoda et al. (2012). Colonies on PDA were irregular shapes with black color and white edge; conidia were dark brown with septate, cylindrical, straight or flexuous geniculate at the upper end, 22.7 to 69.38×9.2 to 17.6 µm (n = 50; average size 40.8×13.2 µm) under microscope (40X). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase () regions of the representative isolate 83HXGWC, 84HXGWC and 85HXGWC were amplified using the primers of ITS1/ITS4 and GPD1/GPD2 (Manamgoda et al. 2012). All the amplified gene sequences were deposited into GenBank with accession numbers ITS (OP703331, OQ978850, and OQ978851) and (OQ559683, OQ992505, and OQ992506). BLAST analysis of both the two segments showed 100% identity with those reported sequences of ex-type isolate BRIP 11512 (KJ415538 and KJ415408) of Sivan (Tan et al. 2014; Bhunjun et al. 2020), respectively. In the maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree, 83-HXGWC, 84HXGWC and 85HXGWC strains were grouped with the reference sequences of with a high bootstrap supporting values of 100%. Five healthy green bristlegrass (6 weeks) plants in pots were sprayed with conidial suspensions (1×10 conidia ml). Another five pots were sprayed with sterilized distilled water (controls). Then all pots were individually covered with transparent polyethylene bags for 5 days to maintain high relative humidity and placed in a greenhouse maintained at 18 to 25 °C. After incubation for 14 days, the typical symptoms of leaf spots developed from brown to dark brown on the plants inoculated with conidial suspension, whereas no symptoms were observed on the control plants. The measurement of pathogenicity was carried out three times. The same pathogens were consistently reisolated from inoculated leaves, and was confirmed as based on morphological and molecular analyses, fulfilling Koch's postulates. This study provides a new record of on green bristlegrass on natural grassland in China, which can potentially impose disease challenges to other crops. Since, has been known to cause disease in cereal crops (Manamgoda et al. 2014), this can be a potential alternate source of survival of this pathogen.
PubMed: 37469009
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-03-23-0508-PDN -
Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki I Selektsii Oct 2023The article outlines a brief historical background on the introduction to cultivation, distribution and breeding of spring durum wheat in the steppe and forest-steppe...
The article outlines a brief historical background on the introduction to cultivation, distribution and breeding of spring durum wheat in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of Eurasia (the countries of the former USSR: Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan). The approaches and methodology for improving durum wheat during certain scientific selection periods are given. The features of the selection program implementation and the breeding scale expansion during the creation of breeding stations at the beginning of the XX century, after the end of the Great Patriotic War, in the second half of the XX century, and at present are considered. A characteristic according to the main features and properties of varieties created in different periods is given. The achievements of the classical breeding method by comparing old and new varieties are analyzed. The efficiency and rate of wheat selection by periods in different regions of Russia is estimated. The results and methods of breeding for yield, resistance to drought, leaf diseases (Stagonospora nodorum Berk., Septoria tritici (Roeb. et Desm.), Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker, Pyrenophora tritici repentis (Died.) Drechs., Fusarium sp., Puccinia titicina Eriks., Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks., Blumeria graminis (DC.) f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal), grain pathogens Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.) and pathogens causing darkening of the corcule and endosperm (Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker, Alternaria tenuis (Nees et Fr.), Аlternaria triticina (Prasada & Prabhu)), pests (Cephus pygmeus Lens, Osinosoma frit L., Mayetiola destructor (Say)), grain quality (protein content, amount of yellow pigments, dough rheology, sprouting resistance) and end products are presented. The prospects for the molecular marker application for a number of traits in breeding in the near future are given.
PubMed: 38213466
DOI: 10.18699/VJGB-23-71 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Sustainable food production is necessary to meet the demand of the incessantly growing human population. Phytopathogens pose a major constraint in food production, and...
Sustainable food production is necessary to meet the demand of the incessantly growing human population. Phytopathogens pose a major constraint in food production, and the use of conventional fungicides to manage them is under the purview of criticism due to their numerous setbacks. In the present study, essential oil-grafted copper nanoparticles (EGC) were generated, characterized, and evaluated against the maize fungal pathogens, f. sp. , and . The ED for the fungi under study ranged from 43 to 56 μg ml, and a significant inhibition was observed at a low dose of 20 μg ml under conditions. Under net house conditions, seed treatment + foliar spray at 250 and 500 mg L of EGC performed remarkably against maydis leaf blight (MLB), with reduced percent disease index (PDI) by 27.116 and 25.292%, respectively, in two seasons (May-Sep, 2021, 2022). The activity of enzymatic antioxidants, , β-1, 3-glucanase, PAL, POX, and PPO, and a non-enzymatic antioxidant (total phenolics) was increased in treated maize plants, indicating host defense was triggered. The optimum concentrations of EGC (250 mg L and 500 mg L) exhibited improved physiological characteristics such as photosynthetic activity, shoot biomass, plant height, germination percentage, vigor index, and root system traits. However, higher concentrations of 1,000 mg L rendered phytotoxicity, reducing growth, biomass, and copper bioaccumulation to high toxic levels, mainly in the foliar-sprayed maize leaves. In addition, EGC and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) at 1,000 mg L reduced the absorption and concentration of manganese and zinc indicating a negative correlation between Cu and Mn/Zn. Our study proposes that the CuNPs combined with EO (Clove oil) exhibit astounding synergistic efficacy against maize fungal pathogens and optimized concentrations can be used as an alternative to commercial fungicides without any serious impact on environmental health.
PubMed: 37485521
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1204512 -
BMC Plant Biology Feb 2024Spot blotch is a serious foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, which is a hemibiotrophic ascomycete that has a global...
Trichoderma cf. asperellum and plant-based titanium dioxide nanoparticles initiate morphological and biochemical modifications in Hordeum vulgare L. against Bipolaris sorokiniana.
BACKGROUND
Spot blotch is a serious foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, which is a hemibiotrophic ascomycete that has a global impact on productivity. Some Trichoderma spp. is a promising candidate as a biocontrol agent as well as a plant growth stimulant. Also, the application of nanomaterials in agriculture limits the use of harmful agrochemicals and helps improve the yield of different crops. The current study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma. cf. asperellum and the biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs) to manage the spot blotch disease of barley caused by B. sorokiniana and to assess the plant's innate defense response.
RESULTS
Aloe vera L. aqueous leaf extract was used to biosynthesize TiO NPs by reducing TiCl salt into TiO NPs and the biosynthesized NPs were detected using SEM and TEM. It was confirmed that the NPs are anatase-crystalline phases and exist in sizes ranging from 10 to 25 nm. The T. cf. asperellum fungus was detected using morphological traits and rDNA ITS analysis. This fungus showed strong antagonistic activity against B. sorokiniana (57.07%). Additionally, T. cf. asperellum cultures that were 5 days old demonstrated the best antagonistic activity against the pathogen in cell-free culture filtrate. Also, B. sorokiniana was unable to grow on PDA supplemented with 25 and 50 mg/L of TiO NPs, and the diameter of the inhibitory zone increased with increasing TiO NPs concentration. In an in vivo assay, barley plants treated with T. cf. asperellum or TiO NPs were used to evaluate their biocontrol efficiency against B. sorokiniana, in which T. cf. asperellum and TiO NPs enhanced the growth of the plant without displaying disease symptoms. Furthermore, the physiological and biochemical parameters of barley plants treated with T. cf. asperellum or TiO NPs in response to B. sorokiniana treatment were quantitively estimated. Hence, T. cf. asperellum and TiO NPs improve the plant's tolerance and reduce the growth inhibitory effect of B. sorokiniana.
CONCLUSION
Subsequently, T. cf. asperellum and TiO NPs were able to protect barley plants against B. sorokiniana via enhancement of chlorophyll content, improvement of plant health, and induction of the barley innate defense system. The present work emphasizes the major contribution of T. cf. asperellum and the biosynthesized TiO NPs to the management of spot blotch disease in barley plants, and ultimately to the enhancement of barley plant quality and productivity.
Topics: Hordeum; Trichoderma; Plant Diseases; Nanoparticles; Bipolaris; Hypocreales; Titanium
PubMed: 38368386
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04785-3 -
Natural Products and Bioprospecting Oct 2023A series of terpenoids (1-17), comprising six new compounds designated bipolariterpenes A-F (1-6) and eleven recognized compounds (7-17), were isolated from the wheat...
A series of terpenoids (1-17), comprising six new compounds designated bipolariterpenes A-F (1-6) and eleven recognized compounds (7-17), were isolated from the wheat culture of the potato endophytic fungus Bipolaris eleusines. Their structures and stereochemistry were clarified by HRESIMS, NMR, DP4 + probability analyses, and computations for electronic circular dichroism (ECD). All compounds are made up of six meroterpenoids, four sesterterpenes and seven sesquiterpenes. Among them, four sesterterpenes (4, 5, 10, 11) were investigated for their antifungal, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties, and six meroterpenoids (1-3, 7-9) were evaluated for their antifungal properties. The compounds 7, 9, and 10 had substantial antifungal activity against Epidermophyton floccosum at a concentration of 100 µM. No antibacterial and cytotoxic activities were observed.
PubMed: 37870633
DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00407-x