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Proceedings of the Japan Academy.... 2022Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na concentration ([Na]) in body fluids is... (Review)
Review
Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na concentration ([Na]) in body fluids is maintained at 135-145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve "body fluid homeostasis" or "Na homeostasis", the brain continuously monitors [Na] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension.
Topics: Animals; Body Fluids; Homeostasis; Hormones; Sodium; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Water
PubMed: 35908954
DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.016 -
BioMed Research International 2013
Topics: Body Fluids; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Proteomics
PubMed: 24083249
DOI: 10.1155/2013/918793 -
Briefings in Bioinformatics Jan 2021Empowered by the advancement of high-throughput bio technologies, recent research on body-fluid proteomes has led to the discoveries of numerous novel disease biomarkers... (Review)
Review
Empowered by the advancement of high-throughput bio technologies, recent research on body-fluid proteomes has led to the discoveries of numerous novel disease biomarkers and therapeutic drugs. In the meantime, a tremendous progress in disclosing the body-fluid proteomes was made, resulting in a collection of over 15 000 different proteins detected in major human body fluids. However, common challenges remain with current proteomics technologies about how to effectively handle the large variety of protein modifications in those fluids. To this end, computational effort utilizing statistical and machine-learning approaches has shown early successes in identifying biomarker proteins in specific human diseases. In this article, we first summarized the experimental progresses using a combination of conventional and high-throughput technologies, along with the major discoveries, and focused on current research status of 16 types of body-fluid proteins. Next, the emerging computational work on protein prediction based on support vector machine, ranking algorithm, and protein-protein interaction network were also surveyed, followed by algorithm and application discussion. At last, we discuss additional critical concerns about these topics and close the review by providing future perspectives especially toward the realization of clinical disease biomarker discovery.
Topics: Biomarkers; Body Fluids; Humans; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 32020158
DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz160 -
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Mar 2015Automated cell counting for body fluids is gradually replacing manual cell counting by hemocytometer. Automation offers potential benefits of improved accuracy,... (Review)
Review
Automated cell counting for body fluids is gradually replacing manual cell counting by hemocytometer. Automation offers potential benefits of improved accuracy, efficiency, and standardization. The addition of body fluid modes to some hematology analyzers adapts the technology and software to meet the particular requirements of body fluid analysis. However, the functional sensitivity for low cell counts currently limits applicability of automated methods to all types of body fluid. Microscopic review is indicated when malignancy is a diagnostic consideration.
Topics: Automation; Body Fluids; Cell Count; Humans; Quality Control; Reproducibility of Results; Validation Studies as Topic
PubMed: 25676374
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2014.10.003 -
Journal of Proteomics Feb 2017Identification of new biomarkers specific for various pathological conditions is an important field in medical sciences. Body fluids have emerging potential in biomarker... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Identification of new biomarkers specific for various pathological conditions is an important field in medical sciences. Body fluids have emerging potential in biomarker studies especially those which are continuously available and can be collected by non-invasive means. Changes in the protein composition of body fluids such as tears, saliva, sweat, etc. may provide information on both local and systemic conditions of medical relevance. In this review, our aim is to discuss the quantitative proteomics techniques used in biomarker studies, and to present advances in quantitative body fluid proteomics of non-invasively collectable body fluids with relevance to biomarker identification. The advantages and limitations of the widely used quantitative proteomics techniques are also presented. Based on the reviewed literature, we suggest an ideal pipeline for body fluid analyses aiming at biomarkers discoveries: starting from identification of biomarker candidates by shotgun quantitative proteomics or protein arrays, through verification of potential biomarkers by targeted mass spectrometry, to the antibody-based validation of biomarkers. The importance of body fluids as a rich source of biomarkers is discussed.
SIGNIFICANCE
Quantitative proteomics is a challenging part of proteomics applications. The body fluids collected by non-invasive means have high relevance in medicine; they are good sources for biomarkers used in establishing the diagnosis, follow up of disease progression and predicting high risk groups. The review presents the most widely used quantitative proteomics techniques in body fluid analysis and lists the potential biomarkers identified in tears, saliva, sweat, nasal mucus and urine for local and systemic diseases.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Body Fluids; Humans; Proteomics; Workflow
PubMed: 27542507
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.08.009 -
BMB Reports Oct 2012Determination of the type and origin of the body fluids found at a crime scene can give important insights into crime scene reconstruction by supporting a link between... (Review)
Review
Determination of the type and origin of the body fluids found at a crime scene can give important insights into crime scene reconstruction by supporting a link between sample donors and actual criminal acts. For more than a century, numerous types of body fluid identification methods have been developed, such as chemical tests, immunological tests, protein catalytic activity tests, spectroscopic methods and microscopy. However, these conventional body fluid identification methods are mostly presumptive, and are carried out for only one body fluid at a time. Therefore, the use of a molecular genetics-based approach using RNA profiling or DNA methylation detection has been recently proposed to supplant conventional body fluid identification methods. Several RNA markers and tDMRs (tissue-specific differentially methylated regions) which are specific to forensically relevant body fluids have been identified, and their specificities and sensitivities have been tested using various samples. In this review, we provide an overview of the present knowledge and the most recent developments in forensic body fluid identification and discuss its possible practical application to forensic casework.
Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Body Fluids; DNA; DNA Methylation; Forensic Sciences; Humans; MicroRNAs; RNA; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 23101507
DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.10.206 -
Journal of the American Society of... Dec 2011Pioneering investigations conducted over a half century ago on tonicity, transcapillary fluid exchange, and the distribution of water and solute serve as a foundation... (Review)
Review
Pioneering investigations conducted over a half century ago on tonicity, transcapillary fluid exchange, and the distribution of water and solute serve as a foundation for understanding the physiology of body fluid spaces. With passage of time, however, some of these concepts have lost their connectivity to more contemporary information. Here we examine the physical forces determining the compartmentalization of body fluid and its movement across capillary and cell membrane barriers, drawing particular attention to the interstitium operating as a dynamic interface for water and solute distribution rather than as a static reservoir. Newer work now supports an evolving model of body fluid dynamics that integrates exchangeable Na(+) stores and transcapillary dynamics with advances in interstitial matrix biology.
Topics: Animals; Body Fluids; Forecasting; Humans; Hydrodynamics
PubMed: 22034644
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2011080865 -
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Dec 2022In forensic physical evidence identification, the accurate identification of the individual origin and their body fluid composition of the biological samples obtained... (Review)
Review
In forensic physical evidence identification, the accurate identification of the individual origin and their body fluid composition of the biological samples obtained from the crime scene play a critical role in determining the nature of a crime. In recent years, RNA profiling has become one of the fastest developing methods for body fluids identification. Due to the characteristics of tissue or body fluid specific expression, various types of RNA markers have been proven to be promising candidate markers for body fluids identification in previous studies. This review summarizes the research progress of RNA markers in body fluids identification, including the RNA markers that have been effectively verified in current research and their advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile, this review prospects the application of RNA markers in forensic medicine.
Topics: Forensic Medicine; Body Fluids; RNA; Feces; Forensic Genetics; Semen; Saliva
PubMed: 36914393
DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.510707 -
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Nov 1977The terms mole, molality, molarity, osmole, osmolality, osmolarity, osmolar gap and anion gap are defined and their clinical usefulness indicated. The following body...
The terms mole, molality, molarity, osmole, osmolality, osmolarity, osmolar gap and anion gap are defined and their clinical usefulness indicated. The following body fluid compartments are described: total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF), transcellular fluid TCF), plasma volume, red cell volume and interstitial fluid volume. Isotope-dilution techniques are briefly discussed and representative normal values for the various compartments according to sex and age are indicated. The physiological mechanisms that maintain the distinctive ionic compositions of the various fluid spaces are briefly outlined. New concepts of the function of the gel matrix and of the lymph drainage of the interstitium are presented. Opposing models to the sodium-potassium membrane pump are briefly described.
Topics: Body Fluid Compartments; Body Fluids; Erythrocyte Volume; Extracellular Space; Humans; Intracellular Fluid; Plasma Volume
PubMed: 596611
DOI: 10.1177/0310057X7700500403 -
Lancet (London, England) Feb 1953
Topics: Body Fluids; Humans
PubMed: 13012071
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90991-x