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Proceedings of the Japan Academy.... 2022Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na concentration ([Na]) in body fluids is... (Review)
Review
Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na concentration ([Na]) in body fluids is maintained at 135-145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve "body fluid homeostasis" or "Na homeostasis", the brain continuously monitors [Na] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension.
Topics: Animals; Body Fluids; Homeostasis; Hormones; Sodium; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Water
PubMed: 35908954
DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.016 -
BioMed Research International 2013
Topics: Body Fluids; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Proteomics
PubMed: 24083249
DOI: 10.1155/2013/918793 -
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP Jul 2023Accurate biomarkers are a crucial and necessary precondition for precision medicine, yet existing ones are often unspecific and new ones have been very slow to enter the...
Accurate biomarkers are a crucial and necessary precondition for precision medicine, yet existing ones are often unspecific and new ones have been very slow to enter the clinic. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics excels by its untargeted nature, specificity of identification, and quantification, making it an ideal technology for biomarker discovery and routine measurement. It has unique attributes compared to affinity binder technologies, such as OLINK Proximity Extension Assay and SOMAscan. In in a previous review in 2017, we described technological and conceptual limitations that had held back success. We proposed a 'rectangular strategy' to better separate true biomarkers by minimizing cohort-specific effects. Today, this has converged with advances in MS-based proteomics technology, such as increased sample throughput, depth of identification, and quantification. As a result, biomarker discovery studies have become more successful, producing biomarker candidates that withstand independent verification and, in some cases, already outperform state-of-the-art clinical assays. We summarize developments over the last years, including the benefits of large and independent cohorts, which are necessary for clinical acceptance. Shorter gradients, new scan modes, and multiplexing are about to drastically increase throughput, cross-study integration, and quantification, including proxies for absolute levels. We have found that multiprotein panels are inherently more robust than current single analyte tests and better capture the complexity of human phenotypes. Routine MS measurement in the clinic is fast becoming a viable option. The full set of proteins in a body fluid (global proteome) is the most important reference and the best process control. Additionally, it increasingly has all the information that could be obtained from targeted analysis although the latter may be the most straightforward way to enter regular use. Many challenges remain, not least of a regulatory and ethical nature, but the outlook for MS-based clinical applications has never been brighter.
Topics: Humans; Proteomics; Mass Spectrometry; Biomarkers; Proteome; Body Fluids
PubMed: 37209816
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100577 -
Briefings in Bioinformatics Jan 2021Empowered by the advancement of high-throughput bio technologies, recent research on body-fluid proteomes has led to the discoveries of numerous novel disease biomarkers... (Review)
Review
Empowered by the advancement of high-throughput bio technologies, recent research on body-fluid proteomes has led to the discoveries of numerous novel disease biomarkers and therapeutic drugs. In the meantime, a tremendous progress in disclosing the body-fluid proteomes was made, resulting in a collection of over 15 000 different proteins detected in major human body fluids. However, common challenges remain with current proteomics technologies about how to effectively handle the large variety of protein modifications in those fluids. To this end, computational effort utilizing statistical and machine-learning approaches has shown early successes in identifying biomarker proteins in specific human diseases. In this article, we first summarized the experimental progresses using a combination of conventional and high-throughput technologies, along with the major discoveries, and focused on current research status of 16 types of body-fluid proteins. Next, the emerging computational work on protein prediction based on support vector machine, ranking algorithm, and protein-protein interaction network were also surveyed, followed by algorithm and application discussion. At last, we discuss additional critical concerns about these topics and close the review by providing future perspectives especially toward the realization of clinical disease biomarker discovery.
Topics: Biomarkers; Body Fluids; Humans; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 32020158
DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz160 -
Kidney International Feb 2011Body fluid homeostasis is critical for the survival of living organisms and hence is tightly controlled. From initial studies on the effects of secretin (SCT) on renal... (Review)
Review
Body fluid homeostasis is critical for the survival of living organisms and hence is tightly controlled. From initial studies on the effects of secretin (SCT) on renal water reabsorption in the 1940s and recent investigations of its role in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine functions, it has now become increasingly clear that this peptide is an integral component of the homeostatic processes that maintain body fluid balance. This review, containing some of our recent findings of centrally expressed SCT on water intake, focuses on the actions of SCT in influencing the physiological, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular processes that subserve body fluid homeostasis.
Topics: Animals; Body Fluids; Cardiovascular System; Drinking; Drinking Behavior; Humans; Kidney; Neurosecretory Systems; Secretin; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 20944548
DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.397 -
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Dec 2022In forensic physical evidence identification, the accurate identification of the individual origin and their body fluid composition of the biological samples obtained... (Review)
Review
In forensic physical evidence identification, the accurate identification of the individual origin and their body fluid composition of the biological samples obtained from the crime scene play a critical role in determining the nature of a crime. In recent years, RNA profiling has become one of the fastest developing methods for body fluids identification. Due to the characteristics of tissue or body fluid specific expression, various types of RNA markers have been proven to be promising candidate markers for body fluids identification in previous studies. This review summarizes the research progress of RNA markers in body fluids identification, including the RNA markers that have been effectively verified in current research and their advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile, this review prospects the application of RNA markers in forensic medicine.
Topics: Forensic Medicine; Body Fluids; RNA; Feces; Forensic Genetics; Semen; Saliva
PubMed: 36914393
DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.510707 -
A Review on Microbial Species for Forensic Body Fluid Identification in Healthy and Diseased Humans.Current Microbiology Jul 2023Microbial communities present in body fluids can assist in distinguishing between types of body fluids. Metagenomic studies have reported bacterial genera which are core... (Review)
Review
Microbial communities present in body fluids can assist in distinguishing between types of body fluids. Metagenomic studies have reported bacterial genera which are core to specific body fluids and are greatly influenced by geographical location and ethnicity. Bacteria in body fluids could also be due to bacterial infection; hence, it would be worthwhile taking into consideration bacterial species associated with diseases. The present review reports bacterial species characteristic of diseased and healthy body fluids across geographical locations, and bacteria described in forensic studies, with the aim of collating a set of bacteria to serve as the core species-specific markers for forensic body fluid identification. The most widely reported saliva-specific bacterial species are Streptococcus salivarius, Prevotella melaninogenica, Neisseria flavescens, with Fusobacterium nucleatum associated with increased diseased state. Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners are frequently dominant in the vaginal microbiome of healthy women. Atopobium vaginae, Prevotella bivia, and Gardnerella vaginalis are more prevalent in women with bacterial vaginosis. Semen and urine-specific bacteria at species level have not been reported, and menstrual blood bacteria are indistinguishable from vaginal fluid. Targeting more than one bacterial species is recommended for accurate body fluid identification. Although metagenomic sequencing provides information of a broad microbial profile, the specific bacterial species could be used to design biosensors for rapid body fluid identification. Validation of microbial typing methods and its application in identifying body fluids in a mixed sample would allow regular use of microbial profiling in a forensic workflow.
Topics: Humans; Female; Vaginosis, Bacterial; Vagina; Body Fluids; Gardnerella vaginalis; Saliva; Bacteria
PubMed: 37491404
DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03413-x -
Biosensors Apr 2023Transistor-based biochemical sensors feature easy integration with electronic circuits and non-invasive real-time detection. They have been widely used in intelligent... (Review)
Review
Transistor-based biochemical sensors feature easy integration with electronic circuits and non-invasive real-time detection. They have been widely used in intelligent wearable devices, electronic skins, and biological analyses and have shown broad application prospects in intelligent medical detection. Field-effect transistor (FET) sensors have high sensitivity, reasonable specificity, rapid response, and portability and provide unique signal amplification during biochemical detection. Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) sensors are lightweight, flexible, foldable, and biocompatible with wearable devices. Organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) sensors convert biological signals in body fluids into electrical signals for artificial intelligence analysis. In addition to biochemical markers in body fluids, electrophysiology indicators such as electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and body temperature can also cause changes in the current or voltage of transistor-based biochemical sensors. When modified with sensitive substances, sensors can detect specific analytes, improve sensitivity, broaden the detection range, and reduce the limit of detection (LoD). In this review, we introduce three kinds of transistor-based biochemical sensors: FET, OFET, and OECT. We also discuss the fabrication processes for transistor sources, drains, and gates. Furthermore, we demonstrated three sensor types for body fluid biomarkers, electrophysiology signals, and development trends. Transistor-based biochemical sensors exhibit excellent potential in multi-mode intelligent analysis and are good candidates for the next generation of intelligent point-of-care testing (iPOCT).
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Artificial Intelligence; Transistors, Electronic; Wearable Electronic Devices; Body Fluids; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37185544
DOI: 10.3390/bios13040469 -
Forensic Science International. Genetics May 2021The application of transcriptome analyses in forensic genetics has experienced tremendous growth and development in the past decade. The earliest studies and main... (Review)
Review
The application of transcriptome analyses in forensic genetics has experienced tremendous growth and development in the past decade. The earliest studies and main applications were body fluid and tissue identification, using targeted RNA transcripts and a reverse transcription endpoint PCR method. A number of markers have been identified for the forensically most relevant body fluids and tissues and the method has been successfully used in casework. The introduction of Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS) opened up new perspectives and opportunities to advance the field. Contrary to genomic DNA where two copies of an autosomal DNA segment are present in a cell, abundant RNA species are expressed in high copy numbers. Even whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of forensically relevant body fluids and of postmortem material was shown to be possible. This review gives an overview on forensic transcriptome analyses and applications. The methods cover whole transcriptome as well as targeted MPS approaches. High resolution forensic transcriptome analyses using MPS are being applied to body fluid/ tissue identification, determination of the age of stains and the age of the donor, the estimation of the post-mortem interval and to post mortem death investigations.
Topics: Aging; Bodily Secretions; Body Fluids; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Forensic Genetics; Gene Expression Profiling; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Postmortem Changes; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Time Factors; Exome Sequencing
PubMed: 33657509
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102486 -
Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers Apr 2019The use of circulating cell-free DNA for detection of cancer genetics has been studied extensively. Liquid biopsy often refers to the use of blood as a minimally... (Review)
Review
AIMS
The use of circulating cell-free DNA for detection of cancer genetics has been studied extensively. Liquid biopsy often refers to the use of blood as a minimally invasive source of body fluid for detecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). However, urine collection, which is completely noninvasive, has been shown to also have great promise to serve as an alternate body fluid source for ctDNA. In this review article, we focus on the clinical utility of urine for genetic liquid biopsy of nonurological cancers.
CONCLUSION
Although still in early stages as compared with blood-based liquid biopsy, recent studies have demonstrated the value of urine-based liquid biopsies for: nonurological cancer screening; early detection; monitoring for recurrence and metastasis; and therapeutic efficacy. Overall, the completely noninvasive and patient-friendly nature of the urine-based biopsy warrants further development and offers a promising alternative to blood-based biopsies.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Body Fluids; Cell-Free Nucleic Acids; Circulating Tumor DNA; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Liquid Biopsy; Mutation; Neoplasms; Urine
PubMed: 30986103
DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0189