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Cell Aug 2022Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are a persistent human foe, transmitting arboviruses including dengue when they feed on human blood. Mosquitoes are intensely attracted to body...
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are a persistent human foe, transmitting arboviruses including dengue when they feed on human blood. Mosquitoes are intensely attracted to body odor and carbon dioxide, which they detect using ionotropic chemosensory receptors encoded by three large multi-gene families. Genetic mutations that disrupt the olfactory system have modest effects on human attraction, suggesting redundancy in odor coding. The canonical view is that olfactory sensory neurons each express a single chemosensory receptor that defines its ligand selectivity. We discovered that Ae. aegypti uses a different organizational principle, with many neurons co-expressing multiple chemosensory receptor genes. In vivo electrophysiology demonstrates that the broad ligand-sensitivity of mosquito olfactory neurons depends on this non-canonical co-expression. The redundancy afforded by an olfactory system in which neurons co-express multiple chemosensory receptors may increase the robustness of the mosquito olfactory system and explain our long-standing inability to disrupt the detection of humans by mosquitoes.
Topics: Aedes; Animals; Humans; Ligands; Odorants; Olfactory Receptor Neurons
PubMed: 35985288
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.024 -
JAMA Apr 1995
Topics: Benzodiazepines; Calcium Channel Blockers; Dopamine Antagonists; GABA Agonists; Halitosis; Humans; Odorants; Olfactory Pathways; Smell
PubMed: 7707616
DOI: No ID Found -
Human Brain Mapping May 2020Odors can increase memory performance when presented as context during both encoding and retrieval phases. Since information from different sensory modalities is...
Odors can increase memory performance when presented as context during both encoding and retrieval phases. Since information from different sensory modalities is integrated into a unified conceptual knowledge, we hypothesize that the social information from body odors and faces would be integrated during encoding. The integration of such social information would enhance retrieval more so than when the encoding occurs in the context of common odors. To examine this hypothesis and to further explore the underlying neural correlates of this behavior, we have conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which participants performed an encoding-retrieval memory task for faces during the presentation of common odor, body odor or clean air. At the behavioral level, results show that participants were less biased and faster in recognizing faces when presented in concomitance with the body odor compared to the common odor. At the neural level, the encoding of faces in the body odor condition, compared to common odor and clean air conditions, showed greater activation in areas related to associative memory (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), odor perception and multisensory integration (orbitofrontal cortex). These results suggest that face and body odor information were integrated and as a result, participants were faster in recognizing previously presented material.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Association Learning; Face; Female; Human Body; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Memory, Episodic; Mental Recall; Odorants; Olfactory Perception; Prefrontal Cortex; Psychomotor Performance; Recognition, Psychology; Young Adult
PubMed: 31904899
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24920 -
Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest,... 2021Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-I) are a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs.
CONTEXT
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-I) are a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs.
OBJECTIVE
Side effects of drugs are frequently encountered with increasing use in clinical practice.
DESIGN/SUBJECTS AND METHODS
We present a case with an unidentified body odor that has not been described yet in the literature as an adverse effect of SGLT2-I.
RESULTS
A 49-year-old female patient with Type 2 DM was applied to our clinic for routine control. She had been receiving sitagliptin/metformin 50/1000 mg b.i.d. Her fasting plasma glucose was 160 mg/dL and HbA1c was 8%. Empagliflozin 10 mg/day was added to therapy. The patient noticed that two weeks after starting empagliflozin treatment, she began to smell herself and felt a bad/foul odor was released from her body. The patient associated these complaints with the new drug(empagliflozin) stopped two weeks ago. She also stated that all these complaints had disappeared one week after stopping the medication and there were no complaints at the moment.
CONCLUSIONS
Here we report an unidentified body odor as a potential empagliflozin-associated adverse event. There was a close temporal relationship between empagliflozin intake and the development and the occurrence of the described odor.
PubMed: 35747857
DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2021.554 -
PloS One 2023Odors are important disease cues, and disgust sensitivity to body odors reflects individual differences in disease avoidance. The body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS)...
Odors are important disease cues, and disgust sensitivity to body odors reflects individual differences in disease avoidance. The body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) scale provides a rapid and valid assessment of individual differences. Nevertheless, little is known about how individual differences in BODS might correlate with overall odor perception or how it is related to other differences in emotional reactivity (e.g., affect intensity). We investigated how BODS relates to perceptual ratings of pleasant and unpleasant odors. We aggregated data from 4 experiments (total N = 190) that were conducted in our laboratory, and where valence and intensity ratings were collected. Unpleasant odors were body-like (e.g., sweat-like valeric acid), which may provide disease cues. The pleasant odors were, in contrast, often found in soap and cleaning products (e.g., lilac, lemon). Across experiments, we show that individuals with higher BODS levels perceived smells as more highly valenced overall: unpleasant smells were rated as more unpleasant, and pleasant smells were rated as more pleasant. These results suggest that body odor disgust sensitivity is associated with a broader pattern of affect intensity which causes stronger emotional responses to both negative and positive odors. In contrast, BODS levels were not associated with odor intensity perception. Furthermore, disgust sensitivity to odors coming from external sources (e.g., someone else's sweat) was the best predictor of odor valence ratings. The effects were modest in size. The results validate the BODS scale as it is explicitly associated with experimental ratings of odor valence.
Topics: Humans; Odorants; Disgust; Body Odor; Smell; Perception
PubMed: 37083734
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284397 -
PLoS Genetics Feb 2022The olfactory system combines input from multiple receptor types to represent odor information, but there are few explicit examples relating olfactory receptor (OR)...
The olfactory system combines input from multiple receptor types to represent odor information, but there are few explicit examples relating olfactory receptor (OR) activity patterns to odor perception. To uncover these relationships, we performed genome-wide scans on odor-perception phenotypes for ten odors in 1000 Han Chinese and validated results for six of these odors in an ethnically diverse population (n = 364). In both populations, consistent with previous studies, we replicated three previously reported associations (β-ionone/OR5A1, androstenone/OR7D4, cis-3-hexen-1-ol/OR2J3 LD-band), but not for odors containing aldehydes, suggesting that olfactory phenotype/genotype studies are robust across populations. Two novel associations between an OR and odor perception contribute to our understanding of olfactory coding. First, we found a SNP in OR51B2 that associated with trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, a key component of human underarm odor. Second, we found two linked SNPs associated with the musk Galaxolide in a novel musk receptor, OR4D6, which is also the first human OR shown to drive specific anosmia to a musk compound. We noticed that SNPs detected for odor intensity were enriched with amino acid substitutions, implying functional changes of odor receptors. Furthermore, we also found that the derived alleles of the SNPs tend to be associated with reduced odor intensity, supporting the hypothesis that the primate olfactory gene repertoire has degenerated over time. This study provides information about coding for human body odor, and gives us insight into broader mechanisms of olfactory coding, such as how differential OR activation can converge on a similar percept.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Asian People; Benzopyrans; Body Odor; Caproates; Olfactory Perception; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Receptors, Odorant; Reproducibility of Results; Smell
PubMed: 35113854
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009564 -
Nutrition Reviews Apr 1968
Review
Topics: Diet Therapy; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Intellectual Disability; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Odorants
PubMed: 4871065
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1968.tb00880.x -
Trends in Microbiology Jun 2013The microbial community of the human axilla plays a key role in the formation of axillary odor by biotransformation of odorless natural secretions into volatile odorous... (Review)
Review
The microbial community of the human axilla plays a key role in the formation of axillary odor by biotransformation of odorless natural secretions into volatile odorous molecules. Culture-based microbiological and biochemical studies have allowed the characterization of the axillary microbiota, but the advent of next-generation culture-independent DNA sequencing approaches has provided an unprecedented depth of data regarding the taxonomic composition of the axillary microbiota and intra- and interindividual variation. However, the physiological activity of the microbiota of an individual and its variation under different environmental conditions remains largely unknown. Thus, metatranscriptomics represents a promising technique to identify specific metabolic activities in the axillary microbiota linked to individual differences in body odor.
Topics: Axilla; Corynebacterium; Humans; Microbiota; Odorants; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Skin; Staphylococcus; Transcriptome
PubMed: 23566668
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.03.002 -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Mar 2022Skin problems have been the focus of attention in recent years. Skin aging, wrinkles, pigmentation, dryness has been a problem that makes people feel troubled.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Skin problems have been the focus of attention in recent years. Skin aging, wrinkles, pigmentation, dryness has been a problem that makes people feel troubled. Researchers have been devoted to find ways to solve these skin problems. Micro-ecological skin care is a popular concept these days, and improving skin health through the use of probiotics is a hot topic of discussion.
OBJECTIVE
Many experimental studies have shown that probiotics have a good effect on improving skin problems. This paper aims to comprehensively review the application and mechanism of probiotics in skin care and provide theoretical basis for the application of probiotics in skin care.
METHODS
Literatures in this review were searched in PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, and Science Direct.
RESULTS
Probiotics have potent effects on skin whitening, moisturizing, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle and removing body odor.
CONCLUSIONS
The effects of probiotics on skin whitening, skin moisturizing, anti-aging, improving skin wrinkles and removing body odor were reviewed, which provided a new basis for the extensive application of probiotics in skin care.
Topics: Aging; Humans; Probiotics; Skin; Skin Aging; Skin Care
PubMed: 34997993
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14734 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2016People can accurately assess various personality traits of others based on body odor (BO) alone. Previous studies have shown that correlations between odor ratings and...
People can accurately assess various personality traits of others based on body odor (BO) alone. Previous studies have shown that correlations between odor ratings and self-assessed personality dimensions are evident for assessments of neuroticism and dominance. Here, we tested differences between assessments based on natural body odor alone, without the use of cosmetics and assessments based on the body odor of people who were allowed to use cosmetics following their daily routine. Sixty-seven observers assessed samples of odors from 113 odor donors (each odor donor provided two samples - one with and one without cosmetic use); the donors provided their personality ratings, and the raters judged personality characteristics of the donors based on the provided odor samples. Correlations between observers' ratings and self-rated neuroticism were stronger when raters assessed body odor in the natural body odor condition (natural BO condition; r s = 0.20) than in the cosmetics use condition (BO+cosmetics condition; r s = 0.15). Ratings of dominance significantly predicted self-assessed dominance in both conditions (r s = 0.34 for natural BO and r s = 0.21 for BO+cosmetics), whereas ratings of extraversion did not predict self-assessed extraversion in either condition. In addition, ratings of body odor attractiveness and pleasantness were significantly lower in natural BO condition than in BO+cosmetics condition, although the intensity of donors' body odors was similar under both conditions. Our findings suggest that although olfaction seems to contribute to accurate first impression judgments of certain personality traits, cosmetic use can affect assessments of others based on body odor.
PubMed: 27148138
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00530