Review

Authors: Andrea Costantino, Aniello Maiese, Julia Lazzari...

In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks by young adults and athletes has risen significantly, but concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive consumption. These concerns include cardiovascular problems, nervous system disorders, and the potential for addiction. This review aims to examine the reported effects of acute or chronic abuse of energy drinks on human health. The analysis shows a significant prevalence of adverse effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and neurovegetative systems. In particular, the analysis identified nine cases of cardiac arrest, three of which were fatal. The aetiology of these adverse effects is attributed to the inherent neurostimulant properties of these beverages, of which caffeine is the predominant component. A comparison of documented effects in humans with experimental studies in animal models showed an overlap in results. This review highlights the need for greater rigour in the assessment of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young people, as legal substances such as energy drinks may be involved. We propose stricter limits on the consumption of these beverages than for caffeine, based on the evidence found and the data in the literature. This review also calls for the establishment of regulations governing the consumption of these products in view of their potential impact on human health.

Topics: Animals; Young Adult; Humans; Adolescent; Energy Drinks; Human Body; Caffeine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Athletes

PubMed: 37764707
DOI: 10.3390/nu15183922

Review

Authors: Lu Gao, Tiansong Xu, Gang Huang...

Microbes appear in every corner of human life, and microbes affect every aspect of human life. The human oral cavity contains a number of different habitats. Synergy and interaction of variable oral microorganisms help human body against invasion of undesirable stimulation outside. However, imbalance of microbial flora contributes to oral diseases and systemic diseases. Oral microbiomes play an important role in the human microbial community and human health. The use of recently developed molecular methods has greatly expanded our knowledge of the composition and function of the oral microbiome in health and disease. Studies in oral microbiomes and their interactions with microbiomes in variable body sites and variable health condition are critical in our cognition of our body and how to make effect on human health improvement.

Topics: Human Body; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Mouth Diseases

PubMed: 29736705
DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0548-1

Authors: Aviv Regev, Sarah A Teichmann, Eric S Lander...

The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to complete the 150-year-old effort to identify all cell types in the human body. The Human Cell Atlas Project is an international collaborative effort that aims to define all human cell types in terms of distinctive molecular profiles (such as gene expression profiles) and to connect this information with classical cellular descriptions (such as location and morphology). An open comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues would propel the systematic study of physiological states, developmental trajectories, regulatory circuitry and interactions of cells, and also provide a framework for understanding cellular dysregulation in human disease. Here we describe the idea, its potential utility, early proofs-of-concept, and some design considerations for the Human Cell Atlas, including a commitment to open data, code, and community.

Topics: Atlases as Topic; Eukaryotic Cells; Human Body; Humans; International Cooperation

PubMed: 29206104
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.27041

Authors: Ron Sender, Yarden Weiss, Yoav Navon...

The immune system is a complex network of cells with critical functions in health and disease. However, a comprehensive census of the cells comprising the immune system is lacking. Here, we estimated the abundance of the primary immune cell types throughout all tissues in the human body. We conducted a literature survey and integrated data from multiplexed imaging and methylome-based deconvolution. We also considered cellular mass to determine the distribution of immune cells in terms of both number and total mass. Our results indicate that the immune system of a reference 73 kg man consists of 1.8 × 10 cells (95% CI 1.5-2.3 × 10), weighing 1.2 kg (95% CI 0.8-1.9). Lymphocytes constitute 40% of the total number of immune cells and 15% of the mass and are mainly located in the lymph nodes and spleen. Neutrophils account for similar proportions of both the number and total mass of immune cells, with most neutrophils residing in the bone marrow. Macrophages, present in most tissues, account for 10% of immune cells but contribute nearly 50% of the total cellular mass due to their large size. The quantification of immune cells within the human body presented here can serve to understand the immune function better and facilitate quantitative modeling of this vital system.

Topics: Male; Humans; Human Body; Lymphocytes; Lymph Nodes; Spleen; Macrophages

PubMed: 37871201
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308511120

Authors: Anne Héron

Consciousness and the body. Life is expressed in the body through physical, chemical and biological processes as well as through the emergence of immaterial dimensions such as consciousness and subjectivity. These material and immaterial dimensions, connected and interdependent, form the basis of our humanity and should be considered together in the case of a global and personalised approach to the care practice.

Topics: Consciousness; Human Body; Humans

PubMed: 32993903
DOI: 10.1016/S1293-8505(20)30238-4

Authors: Philippe Raffy, Jean-François Pambrun, Ashish Kumar...

This study demonstrates the high performance of deep learning in identification of body regions covering the entire human body from magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) axial images across diverse acquisition protocols and modality manufacturers. Pixel-based analysis of anatomy contained in image sets can provide accurate anatomic labeling. For this purpose, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based classifier was developed to identify body regions in CT and MRI studies. Seventeen CT (18 MRI) body regions covering the entire human body were defined for the classification task. Three retrospective datasets were built for the AI model training, validation, and testing, with a balanced distribution of studies per body region. The test datasets originated from a different healthcare network than the train and validation datasets. Sensitivity and specificity of the classifier was evaluated for patient age, patient sex, institution, scanner manufacturer, contrast, slice thickness, MRI sequence, and CT kernel. The data included a retrospective cohort of 2891 anonymized CT cases (training, 1804 studies; validation, 602 studies; test, 485 studies) and 3339 anonymized MRI cases (training, 1911 studies; validation, 636 studies; test, 792 studies). Twenty-seven institutions from primary care hospitals, community hospitals, and imaging centers contributed to the test datasets. The data included cases of all sexes in equal proportions and subjects aged from 18 years old to + 90 years old. Image-level weighted sensitivity of 92.5% (92.1-92.8) for CT and 92.3% (92.0-92.5) for MRI and weighted specificity of 99.4% (99.4-99.5) for CT and 99.2% (99.1-99.2) for MRI were achieved. Deep learning models can classify CT and MR images by body region including lower and upper extremities with high accuracy.

Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Deep Learning; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Retrospective Studies; Human Body; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

PubMed: 36894697
DOI: 10.1007/s10278-022-00767-9

Authors: G Baggieri

Topics: Anatomy; Archaeology; History, Ancient; Human Body; Italy; Sculpture

PubMed: 29182897
DOI: 10.11138/gchir/2017.38.4.161

Review

Authors: Matthew J Zdilla, Joy Y Balta

Utilization of human material in surgical simulation training has been well-established as an effective teaching method. Despite the value of donor-based surgical simulation training, its application may be hampered by difficulties regarding access to donated bodies. Therefore, the aim of this review is to assess body donation and body acquisition practices with regard to surgical simulation training programs around the world. The results of this review highlight discrepancies regarding body donation practices and surgical simulation programs among continents and countries. The utilization of donor bodies in surgical simulation appears to mirror body donation practices. In countries that rely mostly or exclusively upon unclaimed bodies or executed criminals, there are scant reports of donor-based surgical simulation programs. In countries where willed-body donation is the principal source of human material, there tend to be many surgical simulation programs that incorporate human material as part of surgical training. This review suggests that, in anatomical and surgical education, the utilization of active willed-body donation programs, as opposed to the utilization of unclaimed human bodies, positively corresponds with the development of beneficial donor-based surgical simulation programs. Likewise, donor-based surgical simulation training programs may have an influence on the perpetualization of willed-body donations.

Topics: Humans; Human Body; Cadaver; Tissue Donors; Anatomy

PubMed: 36227535
DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00689-0

Review

Authors: Elena K Perry, Man-Wah Tan

Bacterial biofilms can be found in most environments on our planet, and the human body is no exception. Consisting of microbial cells encased in a matrix of extracellular polymers, biofilms enable bacteria to sequester themselves in favorable niches, while also increasing their ability to resist numerous stresses and survive under hostile circumstances. In recent decades, biofilms have increasingly been recognized as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic infections. However, biofilms also occur in or on certain tissues in healthy individuals, and their constituent species are not restricted to canonical pathogens. In this review, we discuss the evidence for where, when, and what types of biofilms occur in the human body, as well as the diverse ways in which they can impact host health under homeostatic and dysbiotic states.

Topics: Humans; Human Body; Prevalence; Bacteria; Biofilms; Dysbiosis

PubMed: 37712058
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1237164

Review

Authors: Simon R Cherry, Johanna Diekmann, Frank M Bengel...

The recent advent of positron emission tomography (PET) scanners that can image the entire human body opens up intriguing possibilities for cardiovascular research and future clinical applications. These new systems permit radiotracer kinetics to be measured in all organs simultaneously. They are particularly well suited to study cardiovascular disease and its effects on the entire body. They could also play a role in quantitatively measuring physiologic, metabolic, and immunologic responses in healthy individuals to a variety of stressors and lifestyle interventions, and may ultimately be instrumental for evaluating novel therapeutic agents and their molecular effects across different tissues. In this review, we summarize recent progress in PET technology and methodology, discuss several emerging cardiovascular applications for total-body PET, and place this in the context of multiorgan and systems medicine. Finally, we discuss opportunities that will be enabled by the technology, while also pointing to some of the challenges that still need to be addressed.

Topics: Humans; Human Body; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Predictive Value of Tests; Positron-Emission Tomography

PubMed: 37676207
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.06.022