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Protein & Cell May 2018Microbes appear in every corner of human life, and microbes affect every aspect of human life. The human oral cavity contains a number of different habitats. Synergy and... (Review)
Review
Microbes appear in every corner of human life, and microbes affect every aspect of human life. The human oral cavity contains a number of different habitats. Synergy and interaction of variable oral microorganisms help human body against invasion of undesirable stimulation outside. However, imbalance of microbial flora contributes to oral diseases and systemic diseases. Oral microbiomes play an important role in the human microbial community and human health. The use of recently developed molecular methods has greatly expanded our knowledge of the composition and function of the oral microbiome in health and disease. Studies in oral microbiomes and their interactions with microbiomes in variable body sites and variable health condition are critical in our cognition of our body and how to make effect on human health improvement.
Topics: Human Body; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 29736705
DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0548-1 -
Journal of Environmental and Public... 2012Environmental medicine generally addresses environmental factors with a negative impact on human health. However, emerging scientific research has revealed a... (Review)
Review
Environmental medicine generally addresses environmental factors with a negative impact on human health. However, emerging scientific research has revealed a surprisingly positive and overlooked environmental factor on health: direct physical contact with the vast supply of electrons on the surface of the Earth. Modern lifestyle separates humans from such contact. The research suggests that this disconnect may be a major contributor to physiological dysfunction and unwellness. Reconnection with the Earth's electrons has been found to promote intriguing physiological changes and subjective reports of well-being. Earthing (or grounding) refers to the discovery of benefits-including better sleep and reduced pain-from walking barefoot outside or sitting, working, or sleeping indoors connected to conductive systems that transfer the Earth's electrons from the ground into the body. This paper reviews the earthing research and the potential of earthing as a simple and easily accessed global modality of significant clinical importance.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Circadian Rhythm; Earth, Planet; Electromagnetic Fields; Electrons; Environment; Environmental Medicine; Extremities; Geological Phenomena; Health; Homeostasis; Human Body; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Inflammation; Pain; Posture; Sleep
PubMed: 22291721
DOI: 10.1155/2012/291541 -
ELife Dec 2017The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to...
The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to complete the 150-year-old effort to identify all cell types in the human body. The Human Cell Atlas Project is an international collaborative effort that aims to define all human cell types in terms of distinctive molecular profiles (such as gene expression profiles) and to connect this information with classical cellular descriptions (such as location and morphology). An open comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues would propel the systematic study of physiological states, developmental trajectories, regulatory circuitry and interactions of cells, and also provide a framework for understanding cellular dysregulation in human disease. Here we describe the idea, its potential utility, early proofs-of-concept, and some design considerations for the Human Cell Atlas, including a commitment to open data, code, and community.
Topics: Atlases as Topic; Eukaryotic Cells; Human Body; Humans; International Cooperation
PubMed: 29206104
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.27041 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 2023The immune system is a complex network of cells with critical functions in health and disease. However, a comprehensive census of the cells comprising the immune system...
The immune system is a complex network of cells with critical functions in health and disease. However, a comprehensive census of the cells comprising the immune system is lacking. Here, we estimated the abundance of the primary immune cell types throughout all tissues in the human body. We conducted a literature survey and integrated data from multiplexed imaging and methylome-based deconvolution. We also considered cellular mass to determine the distribution of immune cells in terms of both number and total mass. Our results indicate that the immune system of a reference 73 kg man consists of 1.8 × 10 cells (95% CI 1.5-2.3 × 10), weighing 1.2 kg (95% CI 0.8-1.9). Lymphocytes constitute 40% of the total number of immune cells and 15% of the mass and are mainly located in the lymph nodes and spleen. Neutrophils account for similar proportions of both the number and total mass of immune cells, with most neutrophils residing in the bone marrow. Macrophages, present in most tissues, account for 10% of immune cells but contribute nearly 50% of the total cellular mass due to their large size. The quantification of immune cells within the human body presented here can serve to understand the immune function better and facilitate quantitative modeling of this vital system.
Topics: Male; Humans; Human Body; Lymphocytes; Lymph Nodes; Spleen; Macrophages
PubMed: 37871201
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308511120 -
Revue de L'infirmiere 2020Consciousness and the body. Life is expressed in the body through physical, chemical and biological processes as well as through the emergence of immaterial dimensions...
Consciousness and the body. Life is expressed in the body through physical, chemical and biological processes as well as through the emergence of immaterial dimensions such as consciousness and subjectivity. These material and immaterial dimensions, connected and interdependent, form the basis of our humanity and should be considered together in the case of a global and personalised approach to the care practice.
Topics: Consciousness; Human Body; Humans
PubMed: 32993903
DOI: 10.1016/S1293-8505(20)30238-4 -
Acta Clinica Croatica Jun 2019The whole human body receives rich sensory innervation with only one exception and that is the brain tissue. The orofacial region is hence no exception. The head region... (Review)
Review
The whole human body receives rich sensory innervation with only one exception and that is the brain tissue. The orofacial region is hence no exception. The head region consequently receives a rich network of sensory nerves making it special because the two types of sensory fibres, visceral and somatic overlap, especially in the pharynx. Also, different pain syndromes that affect this region are rather specific in comparison to their presentation in other body regions. With this review article we wanted to show the detailed anatomy of the peripheral sensory pathways, because of its importance in everyday body functions (eating, drinking, speech) as well as the importance it has in pathological conditions (pain syndromes), in diagnostics and regional analgesia and anaesthesia.
Topics: Afferent Pathways; Face; Glossopharyngeal Nerve; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Pain; Pharynx; Trigeminal Nerve; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 31741557
DOI: 10.20471/acc.2019.58.s1.05 -
Human Brain Mapping Sep 2021Recognising a person's identity often relies on face and body information, and is tolerant to changes in low-level visual input (e.g., viewpoint changes). Previous...
Recognising a person's identity often relies on face and body information, and is tolerant to changes in low-level visual input (e.g., viewpoint changes). Previous studies have suggested that face identity is disentangled from low-level visual input in the anterior face-responsive regions. It remains unclear which regions disentangle body identity from variations in viewpoint, and whether face and body identity are encoded separately or combined into a coherent person identity representation. We trained participants to recognise three identities, and then recorded their brain activity using fMRI while they viewed face and body images of these three identities from different viewpoints. Participants' task was to respond to either the stimulus identity or viewpoint. We found consistent decoding of body identity across viewpoint in the fusiform body area, right anterior temporal cortex, middle frontal gyrus and right insula. This finding demonstrates a similar function of fusiform and anterior temporal cortex for bodies as has previously been shown for faces, suggesting these regions may play a general role in extracting high-level identity information. Moreover, we could decode identity across fMRI activity evoked by faces and bodies in the early visual cortex, right inferior occipital cortex, right parahippocampal cortex and right superior parietal cortex, revealing a distributed network that encodes person identity abstractly. Lastly, identity decoding was consistently better when participants attended to identity, indicating that attention to identity enhances its neural representation. These results offer new insights into how the brain develops an abstract neural coding of person identity, shared by faces and bodies.
Topics: Adult; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Face; Facial Recognition; Female; Human Body; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Net; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Social Perception; Space Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 34032361
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25544 -
Journal of Digital Imaging Aug 2023This study demonstrates the high performance of deep learning in identification of body regions covering the entire human body from magnetic resonance (MR) and computed...
This study demonstrates the high performance of deep learning in identification of body regions covering the entire human body from magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) axial images across diverse acquisition protocols and modality manufacturers. Pixel-based analysis of anatomy contained in image sets can provide accurate anatomic labeling. For this purpose, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based classifier was developed to identify body regions in CT and MRI studies. Seventeen CT (18 MRI) body regions covering the entire human body were defined for the classification task. Three retrospective datasets were built for the AI model training, validation, and testing, with a balanced distribution of studies per body region. The test datasets originated from a different healthcare network than the train and validation datasets. Sensitivity and specificity of the classifier was evaluated for patient age, patient sex, institution, scanner manufacturer, contrast, slice thickness, MRI sequence, and CT kernel. The data included a retrospective cohort of 2891 anonymized CT cases (training, 1804 studies; validation, 602 studies; test, 485 studies) and 3339 anonymized MRI cases (training, 1911 studies; validation, 636 studies; test, 792 studies). Twenty-seven institutions from primary care hospitals, community hospitals, and imaging centers contributed to the test datasets. The data included cases of all sexes in equal proportions and subjects aged from 18 years old to + 90 years old. Image-level weighted sensitivity of 92.5% (92.1-92.8) for CT and 92.3% (92.0-92.5) for MRI and weighted specificity of 99.4% (99.4-99.5) for CT and 99.2% (99.1-99.2) for MRI were achieved. Deep learning models can classify CT and MR images by body region including lower and upper extremities with high accuracy.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Deep Learning; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Retrospective Studies; Human Body; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36894697
DOI: 10.1007/s10278-022-00767-9 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2022Sports injuries have physical and psychological effects that negatively affect sports performance. Although there are data available on sports injuries in wheelchair... (Review)
Review
Sports injuries have physical and psychological effects that negatively affect sports performance. Although there are data available on sports injuries in wheelchair basketball, some aspects need to be clarified, such as the location, mechanisms and risk factors for injury, which are not well described due to variations and/or a lack of definition of injury. The aim of this study was to determine epidemiological information, primary injury characteristics and affected body regions in wheelchair basketball players; Methods: The PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were used; Results: eight articles were included in this review. The shoulder was the body region most affected (N = 60; 22.1%). When divided by body segments, the upper limbs were the most affected (N = 128; 47.2%), followed by the head and/or face (N = 53; 19.5%), trunk (included spine and ribs) (N = 48; 17.8%) and lower limbs (N = 42; 15.5%); Conclusions: wheelchair basketball players suffer a large number of injuries with different characteristics that are mainly linked to biomechanics and sport. These results can be used to guide coaches in structuring training to minimize recurring injuries, in addition to assisting in the organization of medical teams in competitions.
Topics: Athletic Injuries; Basketball; Humans; Lower Extremity; Upper Extremity; Wheelchairs
PubMed: 35627406
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105869 -
PloS One 2013Analyses of the taxonomic diversity associated with the human microbiome continue to be an area of great importance. The study of the nature and extent of the commonly...
Analyses of the taxonomic diversity associated with the human microbiome continue to be an area of great importance. The study of the nature and extent of the commonly shared taxa ("core"), versus those less prevalent, establishes a baseline for comparing healthy and diseased groups by quantifying the variation among people, across body habitats and over time. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has provided an unprecedented opportunity to examine and better define what constitutes the taxonomic core within and across body habitats and individuals through pyrosequencing-based profiling of 16S rRNA gene sequences from oral, skin, distal gut (stool), and vaginal body habitats from over 200 healthy individuals. A two-parameter model is introduced to quantitatively identify the core taxonomic members of each body habitat's microbiota across the healthy cohort. Using only cutoffs for taxonomic ubiquity and abundance, core taxonomic members were identified for each of the 18 body habitats and also for the 4 higher-level body regions. Although many microbes were shared at low abundance, they exhibited a relatively continuous spread in both their abundance and ubiquity, as opposed to a more discretized separation. The numbers of core taxa members in the body regions are comparatively small and stable, reflecting the relatively high, but conserved, interpersonal variability within the cohort. Core sizes increased across the body regions in the order of: vagina, skin, stool, and oral cavity. A number of "minor" oral taxonomic core were also identified by their majority presence across the cohort, but with relatively low and stable abundances. A method for quantifying the difference between two cohorts was introduced and applied to samples collected on a second visit, revealing that over time, the oral, skin, and stool body regions tended to be more transient in their taxonomic structure than the vaginal body region.
Topics: Bacteria; Feces; Female; Humans; Microbiota; Molecular Typing; Mouth; Phylogeny; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Skin; Vagina
PubMed: 23671663
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063139