-
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021Issues arising in wound healing are very common, and chronic wound infections affect approximately 1.5% of the population. The main substances used in wound washing,... (Review)
Review
Issues arising in wound healing are very common, and chronic wound infections affect approximately 1.5% of the population. The main substances used in wound washing, cleansing and treatment are antiseptics. Today, there are many compounds with a known antiseptic activity. Older antiseptics (e.g., boric acid, ethacridine lactate, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, iodoform, iodine and dyes) are not recommended for wound treatment due to a number of disadvantages. According to the newest guidelines of the Polish Society for Wound Treatment and the German Consensus on Wound Antisepsis, only the following antiseptics should be taken into account for wound treatment: octenidine (OCT), polihexanide (PHMB), povidone-iodine (PVP-I), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and nanosilver. This article provides an overview of the five antiseptics mentioned above, their chemical properties, wound applications, side effects and safety.
PubMed: 34959654
DOI: 10.3390/ph14121253 -
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Dec 2019A retrospective chart review characterized clinicians' use of maintenance intravaginal boric acid for women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis or bacterial...
A retrospective chart review characterized clinicians' use of maintenance intravaginal boric acid for women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis or bacterial vaginosis. Average length of use was 13 months with high patient satisfaction and few adverse events. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of maintenance boric acid for these conditions.
Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Boric Acids; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Recurrence; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 31663976
DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001063 -
Communications Chemistry May 2023The emergence of proteins and their interactions with RNAs were a key step in the origin and early evolution of life. The abiotic synthesis of peptides has been limited...
The emergence of proteins and their interactions with RNAs were a key step in the origin and early evolution of life. The abiotic synthesis of peptides has been limited in short amino acid length and is favored in highly alkaline evaporitic conditions in which RNAs are unstable. This environment is also inconsistent with estimated Hadean Earth. Prebiotic environments rich in boron are reportedly ideal for abiotic RNA synthesis. However, the effects of boron on amino acid polymerization are unclear. We report that boric acid enables the polymerization of amino acids at acidic and near-neutral pH levels based on simple heating experiments of amino acid solutions containing borate/boric acid at various pH levels. Our study provides evidence for the boron-assisted synthesis of polypeptides in prebiotically plausible environments, where the same conditions would allow for the formation of RNAs and interactions of primordial proteins and RNAs that could be inherited by RNA-dependent protein synthesis during the evolution of life.
PubMed: 37169868
DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00885-7 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022The crystalline zinc borate phase ZnBO(OH), known in commerce as 2ZnO·3BO·3.5HO, is an important industrial material used as a fire-retardant synergist in polymers, a...
The crystalline zinc borate phase ZnBO(OH), known in commerce as 2ZnO·3BO·3.5HO, is an important industrial material used as a fire-retardant synergist in polymers, a source of micronutrients in agriculture, and a preservative in building materials. It lends durability to wood composite building materials by inhibiting attack by wood destroying organisms. The hydrolysis chemistry of this zinc borate is relevant to its industrial use. ZnBO(OH) exhibits incongruent solubility, reversibly hydrolyzing at neutral pH to insoluble Zn(OH) and soluble B(OH). It is sparingly soluble with a room temperature solubility of 0.270 wt% in terms of its equivalent oxide components in solution, comprising 0.0267 wt% BO and 0.003 wt% ZnO. Aspects of the hydrolysis chemistry of zinc borate under neutral pH conditions are discussed.
Topics: Borates; Hydrolysis; Micronutrients; Polymers; Zinc; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 36144495
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185768 -
RSC Advances Apr 2023This study shows for the first time that boric acid catalyses the hydrolysis of peroxyacids, resulting in an approximately 12-fold increase in hydrolysis rate for both...
This study shows for the first time that boric acid catalyses the hydrolysis of peroxyacids, resulting in an approximately 12-fold increase in hydrolysis rate for both peracetic acid (PAA) and 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) when 0.1 M boric acid is present. The maximum rate of hydrolysis occurs at pH 9 and pH 8.4 for PAA and MCPBA respectively. In contrast, carbonate buffer does not enhance the rate of PAA hydrolysis. The reaction was followed by measuring the initial rate of hydrogen peroxide formation using a specific Ti(iv) complexation method. The study of the hydrolysis reaction requires the presence of 2 × 10 M each of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP) in all solutions in order to chelate metal ions across the full pH range (3 to 13) that would otherwise contribute to peroxyacid decomposition. Catalysis of peroxyacid hydrolysis is most likely effected by the triganol boric acid acting as a Lewis acid catalyst, associating with the peroxide leaving group in the transition state to reduce the leaving group basicity. The products of the reaction are the well characterised monoperoxoborate species and the parent carboxylic acid. Analysis of the pH and borate dependence data reveals that in addition to a catalytic pathway involving a single boric acid molecule, there is a significant pathway involving either (a) two boric acid molecules or (b) the polyborate species, BO(OH) . Knowledge about catalytic mechanisms for the loss of peroxyacids through hydrolysis is important because they are widely used in reagents in a range of oxidation, bleaching and disinfection applications.
PubMed: 37063744
DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01046e -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2020Boron is an essential plant micronutrient taken up via the roots mostly in the form of boric acid. Its important role in plant metabolism involves the stabilization of... (Review)
Review
Boron is an essential plant micronutrient taken up via the roots mostly in the form of boric acid. Its important role in plant metabolism involves the stabilization of molecules with -diol groups. The element is involved in the cell wall and membrane structure and functioning; therefore, it participates in numerous ion, metabolite, and hormone transport reactions. Boron has an extremely narrow range between deficiency and toxicity, and inadequate boron supply exhibits a detrimental effect on the yield of agricultural plants. The deficiency problem can be solved by fertilization, whereas soil boron toxicity can be ameliorated using various procedures; however, these approaches are costly and time-consuming, and they often show temporary effects. Plant species, as well as the genotypes within the species, dramatically differ in terms of boron requirements; thus, the available soil boron which is deficient for one crop may exhibit toxic effects on another. The widely documented intraspecies genetic variability regarding boron utilization efficiency and toxicity tolerance, together with the knowledge of the physiology and genetics of boron, should result in the development of efficient and tolerant varieties that may represent a long-term sustainable solution for the problem of inadequate or excess boron supply.
Topics: Boron; Cell Wall; Plant Roots; Plants; Soil
PubMed: 32093172
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041424 -
The Journal of Organic Chemistry Feb 2024Organoboron acids are stable, organic-soluble Lewis acids with potential application as catalysts for a wide variety of chemical reactions. In this review, we summarize... (Review)
Review
Organoboron acids are stable, organic-soluble Lewis acids with potential application as catalysts for a wide variety of chemical reactions. In this review, we summarize the utility of boronic and borinic acids, as well as boric acid, as catalysts for organic transformations. Typically, the catalytic processes exploit the Lewis acidity of trivalent boron, enabling the reversible formation of a covalent bond with oxygen. Our focus is on recent developments in the catalysis of dehydration, carbonyl condensation, acylation, alkylation, and cycloaddition reactions. We conclude that organoboron acids have a highly favorable prospectus as the source of new catalysts.
PubMed: 36374612
DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01695 -
Physiological Reports Jan 2022Boric acid is a vital micronutrient that is toxic at high concentrations in animals. However, the mechanisms underlying boric acid transport in animal cells remain...
Boric acid is a vital micronutrient that is toxic at high concentrations in animals. However, the mechanisms underlying boric acid transport in animal cells remain unclear. To identify the plasma membrane boric acid channels in animals, we analyzed the function of human aquaporins (AQPs), which are homologous to the nodulin-like intrinsic protein family of plant boric acid channels. When human AQPs were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, the results of the swelling assay showed that boric acid permeability significantly increased in oocytes expressing AQP3, 7, 8, 9, and 10, but not in those expressing AQP1, 2, 4, and 5. The boric acid influxes of these oocytes were also confirmed by elemental quantification. Electrophysiological analysis using a pH microelectrode showed that these AQPs transported boric acid (B(OH) ) but not borate ions (B(OH) ). These results indicate that AQP3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 act as boric acid transport systems, likely as channels in humans.
Topics: Animals; Aquaporins; Boric Acids; Humans; Oocytes; Water; Xenopus laevis
PubMed: 35014212
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15164 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2017Boron is an essential element for plants but is toxic in excess. Therefore, plants must adapt to both limiting and excess boron conditions for normal growth. Boron... (Review)
Review
Boron is an essential element for plants but is toxic in excess. Therefore, plants must adapt to both limiting and excess boron conditions for normal growth. Boron transport in plants is primarily based on three transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane: passive diffusion of boric acid, facilitated diffusion of boric acid via channels, and export of borate anion via transporters. Under boron -limiting conditions, boric acid channels and borate exporters function in the uptake and translocation of boron to support growth of various plant species. In , NIP5;1 and BOR1 are located in the plasma membrane and polarized toward soil and stele, respectively, in various root cells, for efficient transport of boron from the soil to the stele. Importantly, sufficient levels of boron induce downregulation of NIP5;1 and BOR1 through mRNA degradation and proteolysis through endocytosis, respectively. In addition, borate exporters, such as BOR4 and barley Bot1, function in boron exclusion from tissues and cells under conditions of excess boron. Thus, plants actively regulate intracellular localization and abundance of transport proteins to maintain boron homeostasis. In this review, the physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms of intracellular localization and abundance of boron transport proteins are discussed.
PubMed: 29204148
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01951