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Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Feb 2016Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are small DNA tumoral viruses able to induce benign cutaneous and/or mucosal epithelial lesions. Generally, the benign tumours affecting... (Review)
Review
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are small DNA tumoral viruses able to induce benign cutaneous and/or mucosal epithelial lesions. Generally, the benign tumours affecting the skin or mucosa spontaneously regress, but under special circumstances, the defence system may be overwhelmed, thus leading to cancer, especially in the presence of immunosuppressant and mutagen agents from bracken fern. To date, thirteen different BPV genotypes have been associated with skin and mucosal tumours in cattle, and out of these, only four types (BPV-1, -2, -5 and -13) cross-infect other species. Recent investigations in vivo have revealed new insights into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this viral infection. This review briefly discusses viral epidemiology, will give data on BPV genome structure and viral genes and will describe the cellular events and new aspects of both cutaneous and mucosal tumours in large ruminants. Finally, some aspects of active immunization will be described.
Topics: Animals; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Genotype; Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 24661978
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12222 -
Archives of Virology Feb 2014For many years, research on bovine papillomavirus (BPV) has contributed to the understanding of papillomavirus-induced pathology in humans and animals. The present... (Review)
Review
For many years, research on bovine papillomavirus (BPV) has contributed to the understanding of papillomavirus-induced pathology in humans and animals. The present review shows how recent studies on BPV keep providing evidence concerning key points in viral infection, such as the expression of viral proteins in lymphocytes and the occurrence of productive infections of the placenta. Studies on BPV-induced tumours also provide important information concerning the mechanisms of oncogenesis and immune evasion, as in the cases of connexin 43 down-regulation with loss of intercellular gap junctions and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) down-regulation in equine sarcoids. The biological functions of viral proteins are also being further clarified, as in the case of E2, which was recently shown to load BPV genomes into host chromosomes during the S phase, a process mediated by the ChlR1 protein. In the near future, the ongoing efforts to characterize and classify additional emerging BPV types are likely to broaden even further the possibilities for research.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 23929231
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1801-9 -
Ciba Foundation Symposium 1986The bovine papillomavirus genome contains two cis-acting sequences which can serve as signals for replication. At least three virally encoded genes seem to be involved... (Review)
Review
The bovine papillomavirus genome contains two cis-acting sequences which can serve as signals for replication. At least three virally encoded genes seem to be involved in plasmid replication: E6, E6/7 and E1. Mutations in either the E6 or the E7 open reading frame create plasmids that are maintained at a low copy number per cell. Mutations in the E1 open reading frame are absolutely lethal to replication. Complementation experiments show that these mutations define separate genes. Experiments are described which show that cells harbouring plasmids with mutations in either the E6 or the E7 open reading frame acquire an immunity to high copy-number plasmids. We suggest that either the cell or the virus encodes a repressor. The positive action of E6 and E6/7 modulates the activity of this repressor to allow for the high copy-number state. Though the viral oncogenes are capable of transforming cells separately when they are expressed as part of certain recombinant DNA expression systems, it is clear that, in the context of the entire viral replicon, interactions between the transforming functions and replication functions must exist.
Topics: Animals; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cattle; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cell Transformation, Viral; DNA; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; Gene Amplification; Genes, Viral; Genetic Complementation Test; Kinetics; Mutation; Papillomaviridae; Plasmids; Replicon; Virus Replication
PubMed: 3013526
DOI: 10.1002/9780470513309.ch5 -
Journal of Virological Methods Nov 2014The bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is the etiological agent of bovine papillomatosis, which causes significant economic losses to livestock, characterized by the presence...
The bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is the etiological agent of bovine papillomatosis, which causes significant economic losses to livestock, characterized by the presence of papillomas that regress spontaneously or persist and progress to malignancy. Currently, there are 13 types of BPVs described in the literature as well as 32 putative new types. This study aimed to isolate viral particles of BPV from skin papillomas, using a novel viral isolation method. The virus types were previously identified with new primers designed. 77 cutaneous papilloma samples of 27 animals, Simmental breed, were surgically removed. The DNA was extracted and subjected to PCR using Delta-Epsilon and Xi primers. The bands were purified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using software and compared to the GenBank database, by BLAST tool. The viral typing showed a prevalence of BPV-2 in 81.81% of samples. It was also detected the presence of the putative new virus type BR/UEL2 in one sample. Virus isolation was performed by ultracentrifugation in a single density of cesium chloride. The method of virus isolation is less laborious than those previously described, allowing the isolation of complete virus particles of BPV-2.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Skin; Ultracentrifugation; Virion; Virology
PubMed: 25102429
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.029 -
Annual Review of Genetics 1988
Review
Topics: Animals; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cell Transformation, Viral; DNA Replication; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 2853608
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ge.22.120188.001315 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jul 2013Equine sarcoids are locally aggressive fibroblastic neoplasms considered to be the most common skin tumors of horses worldwide. Bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 have...
Equine sarcoids are locally aggressive fibroblastic neoplasms considered to be the most common skin tumors of horses worldwide. Bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 have typically been associated with sarcoids in equids. Investigations aiming to identify papillomavirus strains, aside from bovine papillomaviruses 1 and 2, which might be associated with sarcoid lesions, have been lacking. The aim of this article is to report the identification of a third bovine papillomavirus type, bovine papillomavirus 13, associated with equine sarcoids. Six sarcoid lesions were collected from diverse anatomical sites on two horses from southern Brazil. To detect a broad spectrum of papillomavirus strains, eight degenerate primer pairs designed to detect conserved regions on the L1 and E1 genes were tested on the DNA samples. Direct sequencing was then performed on the obtained amplicons, and sequence identities were compared with sequences from all bovine papillomavirus types. The FAP59/FAP64, MY09/MY11, and AR-E1F2/AR-E1R4 sequences generated from the sarcoids were shown to present 99 to 100% identity with bovine papillomavirus 13, a new bovine papillomavirus type previously described in cattle. The results from this study suggest that there is a need to identify bovine papillomavirus type 13 and other papillomavirus strains that might be associated with sarcoids in diverse geographical areas; such investigations might establish the frequency of occurrence of this viral type in these common tumors of equids.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; DNA, Viral; Horse Diseases; Horses; Molecular Sequence Data; Papillomaviridae; Sarcoidosis; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 23637294
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00371-13 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Oct 2016
Topics: Animals; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cattle; DNA, Viral; Horse Diseases; Horses; Papillomavirus Infections; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 27687935
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.07.012 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Persistent infection and tumorigenesis by papillomaviruses (PVs) require viral manipulation of various cellular processes, including those involved in innate immune...
Persistent infection and tumorigenesis by papillomaviruses (PVs) require viral manipulation of various cellular processes, including those involved in innate immune responses. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway has emerged as an essential innate immune sensing system, that recognizes DNA and trigger potent antiviral effector responses. In this study, we found that bovine PV (BPV) E5 protein, the major oncoprotein of bovine delta PVs, interacts with STING but not with cGAS in a spontaneous BPV infection of neoplastic urothelial cells of cattle. Real-time RT-PCR revealed a significant reduction in both cGAS and STING transcripts in E5-expressing cells. Furthermore, western blot (WB) analysis failed to detect any variation in the expression of interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), an upstream effector of the STING pathway. A ternary complex composed of E5/STING/IFI16 was also observed. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that STING interacts with a protein network composed of total and phosphorylated TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), total and phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), IRF7, IKKα, IKKβ, IKKϵ, ELKS, MEKK3, and TAK1. RT-qPCR revealed a significant reduction in TBK1 mRNA levels in BPV-infected cells. WB analysis revealed significantly reduced expression levels of pTBK1, which is essential for the activation and phosphorylation of IRF3, a prerequisite for the latter to enter the nucleus to activate type 1 IFN genes. WB also revealed significantly down-expression of IKKα, IKKβ, IKKϵ, and overexpression of IRF7, ELKS, MEKK3, and TAK1in BPV-positive urothelial cells compared with that in uninfected healthy cells. Phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) was significantly reduced in both the nuclear and cytosolic compartments of BPV-infected cells compared with that in uninfected urothelial cells. Our results suggest that the innate immune signaling pathway mediated by cGAS-STING is impaired in cells infected with BPV. Therefore, effective immune responses are not elicited against these viruses, which facilitates persistent viral infection and subsequent tumorigenesis.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; I-kappa B Kinase; Membrane Proteins; Nucleotidyltransferases; Signal Transduction; Papillomaviridae; Virus Diseases; Oncogene Proteins; Carcinogenesis; Interferons
PubMed: 36311756
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.937736 -
The Biochemical Journal Nov 1987
Review
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Genetic Vectors; Genotype; Papillomaviridae; Transcription, Genetic; Transformation, Genetic
PubMed: 2829815
DOI: 10.1042/bj2480001 -
Archives of Virology Feb 2019Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) have been described as etiologic agents of cutaneous and mucosal papillomas in cattle. In the present study, we describe a new BPV that...
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) have been described as etiologic agents of cutaneous and mucosal papillomas in cattle. In the present study, we describe a new BPV that was detected in a cutaneous papilloma from a cow. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this virus belong to the genus Xipapillomavirus, and we refer to it here as BPV type 24 (BPV24). Coinfection with members of the genera Epsilonpapillomavirus and Deltapapillomavirus in a cutaneous papilloma from a different animal was also detected, and the full genomes of these viruses were sequenced. Both papillomas were from cattle within Acre State in the Amazon region of Brazil. The data presented here demonstrate the utility of using high-throughput methods to indentify coinfections and allow the characterization of new genomes.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Brazil; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Genome, Viral; Molecular Sequence Data; Open Reading Frames; Papillomavirus Infections; Phylogeny; Xipapillomavirus
PubMed: 30417199
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4092-3