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Virology Oct 2013We provide an overview of the host range, taxonomic classification and genomic diversity of animal papillomaviruses. The complete genomes of 112 non-human papillomavirus... (Review)
Review
We provide an overview of the host range, taxonomic classification and genomic diversity of animal papillomaviruses. The complete genomes of 112 non-human papillomavirus types, recovered from 54 different host species, are currently available in GenBank. The recent characterizations of reptilian papillomaviruses extend the host range of the Papillomaviridae to include all amniotes. Although the genetically diverse papillomaviruses have a highly conserved genomic lay-out, deviations from this prototypic genome organization are observed in several animal papillomaviruses, and only the core ORFs E1, E2, L2 and L1 are present in all characterized papillomavirus genomes. The discovery of papilloma-polyoma hybrids BPCV1 and BPCV2, containing a papillomaviral late region but an early region encoding typical polyomaviral nonstructural proteins, and the detection of recombination breakpoints between the early and late coding regions of cetacean papillomaviruses, could indicate that early and late gene cassettes of papillomaviruses are relatively independent entities that can be interchanged by recombination.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Viral; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, Viral; Genetic Variation; Host Specificity; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Open Reading Frames; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 23711385
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.007 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Dec 1998Sarcoids, the most common tumor of the horse, are fibroblastic, wart-like skin lesions that show variable manifestations. They are often invasive and recurrent, although... (Review)
Review
Sarcoids, the most common tumor of the horse, are fibroblastic, wart-like skin lesions that show variable manifestations. They are often invasive and recurrent, although they do not fulfill all criteria of malignancy. Due to their anatomic location, these tumors can sometimes cause loss of use of the horse. There is very strong evidence that sarcoids are caused by viruses closely related or identical to bovine papilloma viruses, and genetic studies have shown associations between genes in or near the equine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and susceptibility to sarcoid. Several types of treatments have been successful in treating sarcoids, although the response to therapy is not consistent. Current treatment of sarcoids primarily involves antitumor therapy, but the development of preventative measures in the future may be directed against the causative papilloma virus. Sarcoid continues to be an important clinical entity for the equine practitioner.
Topics: Animals; Horse Diseases; Horses; Leiomyoma; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Skin Neoplasms; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 9891727
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30189-x -
Viruses Jan 2018Since their discovery in the mid-eighties, the main papillomavirus oncoproteins E6 and E7 have been recalcitrant to high-resolution structure analysis. However, in the... (Review)
Review
Since their discovery in the mid-eighties, the main papillomavirus oncoproteins E6 and E7 have been recalcitrant to high-resolution structure analysis. However, in the last decade a wealth of three-dimensional information has been gained on both proteins whether free or complexed to host target proteins. Here, we first summarize the diverse activities of these small multifunctional oncoproteins. Next, we review the available structural data and the new insights they provide about the evolution of E6 and E7, their multiple interactions and their functional variability across human papillomavirus (HPV) species.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Repressor Proteins
PubMed: 29342959
DOI: 10.3390/v10010037 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Sep 2021In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world.... (Review)
Review
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Cattle; Colostrum; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 34272669
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z -
Virus Research Mar 2017Preclinical model systems to study multiple features of the papillomavirus life cycle have greatly aided our understanding of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) biology, disease... (Review)
Review
Preclinical model systems to study multiple features of the papillomavirus life cycle have greatly aided our understanding of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) biology, disease progression and treatments. The challenge to studying HPV in hosts is that HPV along with most PVs are both species and tissue restricted. Thus, fundamental properties of HPV viral proteins can be assessed in specialized cell culture systems but host responses that involve innate immunity and host restriction factors requires preclinical surrogate models. Fortunately, there are several well-characterized and new animal models of papillomavirus infections that are available to the PV research community. Old models that continue to have value include canine, bovine and rabbit PV models and new rodent models are in place to better assess host-virus interactions. Questions arise as to the strengths and weaknesses of animal PV models for HPV disease and how accurately these preclinical models predict malignant progression, vaccine efficacy and therapeutic control of HPV-associated disease. In this review, we examine current preclinical models and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the various models as well as provide an update on new opportunities to study the numerous unknowns that persist in the HPV research field.
Topics: Animals; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cattle; Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Female; Humans; Lambdapapillomavirus; Mice; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Primates; Rabbits; Rats; Skin Neoplasms; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 27956145
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.004 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jul 2019Papillomavirus (PV) is a well-known pathogen associated with epithelial and mucosal neoplastic diseases. In contrast to human PVs, characterization of animal PVs from...
Papillomavirus (PV) is a well-known pathogen associated with epithelial and mucosal neoplastic diseases. In contrast to human PVs, characterization of animal PVs from the aspect of anogenital neoplasm is still on a learning curve. In the present study, two vulval and one anal warts, histologically diagnosed as fibropapillomas, excised from dairy cattle were analyzed. PCR and sequencing revealed that bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and BPV-2 were detected from anal and vulval fibropapillomas, respectively. Immunohistochemistry detected PV antigen in a few differentiated keratinocytes of one vulval case. Reverse-transcriptase PCR detected the early region, but not the late region of BPV mRNA in all three cases. The present study will provide new insight into the relationship between BPV and anogenital papilloma in cattle.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Anus Neoplasms; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Viral; Female; Papilloma; Papillomavirus Infections; RNA, Messenger; Vulvar Neoplasms
PubMed: 31155549
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0017 -
Microbiological Reviews Jun 1982
Review
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Biological Evolution; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus; Genes, Viral; Humans; Papilloma; Papillomaviridae; Recombination, Genetic; Transcription, Genetic; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 6289064
DOI: 10.1128/mr.46.2.191-207.1982 -
MBio Feb 2021An unusual feature of papillomaviruses is that their genomes are packaged into virions along with host histones. Viral minichromosomes were visualized as "beads on a...
An unusual feature of papillomaviruses is that their genomes are packaged into virions along with host histones. Viral minichromosomes were visualized as "beads on a string" by electron microscopy in the 1970s but, to date, little is known about the posttranslational modifications of these histones. To investigate this, we analyzed the histone modifications in HPV16/18 quasivirions, wart-derived bovine papillomavirus (BPV1), and wart-derived human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV1) using quantitative mass spectrometry. The chromatin from all three virion samples had abundant posttranslational modifications (acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation). These histone modifications were verified by acid urea polyacrylamide electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis. Compared to matched host cell controls, the virion minichromosome was enriched in histone modifications associated with active chromatin and depleted for those commonly found in repressed chromatin. We propose that the viral minichromosome acquires specific histone modifications late in infection that are coupled to the mechanisms of viral replication, late gene expression, and encapsidation. We predict that, in turn, these same modifications benefit early stages of infection by helping to evade detection, promoting localization of the viral chromosome to beneficial regions of the nucleus, and promoting early transcription and replication. A relatively unique feature of papillomaviruses is that the viral genome is associated with host histones inside the virion. However, little is known about the nature of the epigenome within papillomavirions or its biological relevance to the infectious viral cycle. Here, we define the epigenetic signature of the H3 and H4 histones from HPV16 virions generated in cell culture and native human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV1) and bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1) virions isolated from bovine and human wart tissue. We show that native virions are enriched in posttranslational modifications associated with active chromatin and depleted with those associated with repressed chromatin compared to cellular chromatin. Native virions were also enriched in the histone variant H3.3 compared to the canonical histone H3.1. We propose that the composition of virion-packaged chromatin reflects the late stages of the viral life cycle and promotes the early stages of infection by being primed for viral transcription.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chromosomes; HEK293 Cells; Histone Code; Histones; Human papillomavirus 16; Human papillomavirus 18; Humans; Keratinocytes; Methylation; Papillomaviridae; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33593981
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.03274-20 -
Molecular detection and genetic diversity of bovine papillomavirus in dairy cows in Xinjiang, China.Journal of Veterinary Science Jul 2021Bovine papillomatosis is a type of proliferative tumor disease of skin and mucosae caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). As a transboundary and emerging disease in...
BACKGROUND
Bovine papillomatosis is a type of proliferative tumor disease of skin and mucosae caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). As a transboundary and emerging disease in cattle, it poses a potential threat to the dairy industry.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to detect and clarify the genetic diversity of BPV circulating in dairy cows in Xinjiang, China.
METHODS
122 papilloma skin lesions from 8 intensive dairy farms located in different regions of Xinjiang, China were detected by polymerase chain reaction. The genetic evolution relationships of various types of BPVs were analyzed by examining this phylogenetic tree.
RESULTS
Ten genotypes of BPV (BPV1, BPV2, BPV3, BPV6, BPV7, BPV8, BPV10, BPV11, BPV13, and BPV14) were detected and identified in dairy cows. These were the first reported detections of BPV13 and BPV14 in Xinjiang, Mixed infections were detected, and there were geographical differences in the distribution of the BPV genotypes. Notably, the BPV infection rate among young cattle (< 1-year-old) developed from the same supply of frozen sperm was higher than that of the other young cows naturally raised under the same environmental conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
Genotyping based on the L1 gene of BPV showed that BPVs circulating in Xinjiang China displayed substantial genetic diversity. This study provided valuable data at the molecular epidemiology level, which is conducive to developing deep insights into the genetic diversity and pathogenic characteristics of BPVs in dairy cows.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Deltapapillomavirus; Female; Genetic Variation; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 34170091
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e50 -
Journal of Veterinary Science Nov 2020Bovine papilloma is a neoplastic disease caused by bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs), which were recently divided into 5 genera and at least 24 genotypes.
BACKGROUND
Bovine papilloma is a neoplastic disease caused by bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs), which were recently divided into 5 genera and at least 24 genotypes.
OBJECTIVES
The complete genome sequence of BPV type 15 (BPV Aks-02), a novel putative BPV type from skin samples from infected cows in Southern Xinjiang China, was determined by collecting warty lesions, followed by DNA extraction and amplicon sequencing.
METHODS
DNA was analyzed initially by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the degenerate primers FAP59 and FAP64. The complete genome sequences of the BPV Aks-02 were amplified by PCR using the amplification primers and sequencing primers. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis were performed using bio-informatic software.
RESULTS
The nucleotide sequence of the L1 open reading frame (ORF) of BPV Aks-02 was 75% identity to the L1 ORF of BPV-9 reference strain from GenBank. The complete genome consisted of 7,189 base pairs (G + C content of 42.50%) that encoded 5 early (E8, E7, E1, E2, and E4) and 2 late (L1 and L2) genes. The E7 protein contained a consensus CX₂CXCX₂C zinc-binding domain and a LxCxE motif. Among the different members of this group, the percentages of the complete genome and ORFs (including 5 early and 2 late ORFs) sequence identity of BPV Aks-02 were closer to the genus 1 of the genus. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence similarities based on the L1 ORF of BPV Aks-02 revealed the same cluster.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that BPV type (BPV Aks-02) clustered with members of the genus as BPV 15 and were closely related to 1.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; China; Female; Genome, Viral; Papillomavirus Infections; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Xipapillomavirus
PubMed: 33263226
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e73