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Scientific Reports Aug 2023The body is intrinsic to our sense of self and as such, any theoretical account of the self should also include contributions of the body. This Collection incorporates a...
The body is intrinsic to our sense of self and as such, any theoretical account of the self should also include contributions of the body. This Collection incorporates a series of papers that demonstrate the inextricable relationship between body and self. The papers include studies of body illusions and studies of observed differences in bodily experience in participants with psychiatric and physical conditions. Papers in the Collection also address methodological issues, because measuring and manipulating the bodily self does not come without challenges; subjective experiences are difficult to capture empirically. Making progress on these methodological limitations is crucial to further develop experimental design and thus our understanding of self-body relations.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping
PubMed: 37550400
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39959-w -
Chinese Medical Journal Mar 2024The brain is a complex organ that requires precise mapping to understand its structure and function. Brain atlases provide a powerful tool for studying brain circuits,... (Review)
Review
The brain is a complex organ that requires precise mapping to understand its structure and function. Brain atlases provide a powerful tool for studying brain circuits, discovering biological markers for early diagnosis, and developing personalized treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation, have revolutionized clinical therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the lack of fine-scale brain atlases limits the precision and effectiveness of these techniques. Advances in neuroimaging and machine learning techniques have led to the emergence of stereotactic-assisted neurosurgery and navigation systems. Still, the individual variability among patients and the diversity of brain diseases make it necessary to develop personalized solutions. The article provides an overview of recent advances in individualized brain mapping and navigated neuromodulation and discusses the methodological profiles, advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of these techniques. The article concludes by posing open questions about the future development of individualized brain mapping and navigated neuromodulation.
Topics: Humans; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Mapping; Deep Brain Stimulation; Neuroimaging; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
PubMed: 38269482
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002979 -
Annual Review of Vision Science Sep 2023Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the key methodology for mapping the functions of the human brain in a noninvasive manner, is limited by low temporal and... (Review)
Review
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the key methodology for mapping the functions of the human brain in a noninvasive manner, is limited by low temporal and spatial resolution. Recent advances in ultra-high field (UHF) fMRI provide a mesoscopic (i.e., submillimeter resolution) tool that allows us to probe laminar and columnar circuits, distinguish bottom-up versus top-down pathways, and map small subcortical areas. We review recent work demonstrating that UHF fMRI provides a robust methodology for imaging the brain across cortical depths and columns that provides insights into the brain's organization and functions at unprecedented spatial resolution, advancing our understanding of the fine-scale computations and interareal communication that support visual cognition.
Topics: Humans; Brain Mapping; Brain; Cognition; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37137282
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-111022-123830 -
Brain Topography Mar 2024The analysis of EEG microstates for investigating rapid whole-brain network dynamics during rest and tasks has become a standard practice in the EEG research community,...
The analysis of EEG microstates for investigating rapid whole-brain network dynamics during rest and tasks has become a standard practice in the EEG research community, leading to a substantial increase in publications across various affective, cognitive, social and clinical neuroscience domains. Recognizing the growing significance of this analytical method, the authors aim to provide the microstate research community with a comprehensive discussion on methodological standards, unresolved questions, and the functional relevance of EEG microstates. In August 2022, a conference was hosted in Bern, Switzerland, which brought together many researchers from 19 countries. During the conference, researchers gave scientific presentations and engaged in roundtable discussions aiming at establishing steps toward standardizing EEG microstate analysis methods. Encouraged by the conference's success, a special issue was launched in Brain Topography to compile the current state-of-the-art in EEG microstate research, encompassing methodological advancements, experimental findings, and clinical applications. The call for submissions for the special issue garnered 48 contributions from researchers worldwide, spanning reviews, meta-analyses, tutorials, and experimental studies. Following a rigorous peer-review process, 33 papers were accepted whose findings we will comprehensively discuss in this Editorial.
Topics: Humans; Brain; Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Rest
PubMed: 38349451
DOI: 10.1007/s10548-024-01037-3 -
ENeuro Oct 2023Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) provides a unique opportunity to record and stimulate neuronal populations in the human brain. A key step in neuroscience...
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) provides a unique opportunity to record and stimulate neuronal populations in the human brain. A key step in neuroscience inference from iEEG is localizing the electrodes relative to individual subject anatomy and identified regions in brain atlases. We describe a new software tool, Your Advanced Electrode Localizer (YAEL), that provides an integrated solution for every step of the electrode localization process. YAEL is compatible with all common data formats to provide an easy-to-use, drop-in replacement for problematic existing workflows that require users to grapple with multiple programs and interfaces. YAEL's automatic extrapolation and interpolation functions speed localization, especially important in patients with many implanted stereotactic (sEEG) electrode shafts. The graphical user interface is presented in a web browser for broad compatibility and includes an interactive 3D viewer for easier localization of nearby sEEG contacts. After localization is complete, users may enter or import data into YAEL's 3D viewer to create publication-ready visualizations of electrodes and brain anatomy, including identified brain areas from atlases; the response to experimental tasks measured with iEEG; and clinical measures such as epileptiform activity or the results of electrical stimulation mapping. YAEL is free and open source and does not depend on any commercial software. Installation instructions for Mac, Windows, and Linux are available at https://yael.wiki.
Topics: Humans; Electroencephalography; Electrocorticography; Brain; Brain Mapping; Electrodes, Implanted
PubMed: 37857509
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0328-23.2023 -
Science Advances Oct 2023Quantifying neuron morphology and distribution at the whole-brain scale is essential to understand the structure and diversity of cell types. It is exceedingly...
Quantifying neuron morphology and distribution at the whole-brain scale is essential to understand the structure and diversity of cell types. It is exceedingly challenging to reuse recent technologies of single-cell labeling and whole-brain imaging to study human brains. We propose adaptive cell tomography (ACTomography), a low-cost, high-throughput, and high-efficacy tomography approach, based on adaptive targeting of individual cells. We established a platform to inject dyes into cortical neurons in surgical tissues of 18 patients with brain tumors or other conditions and one donated fresh postmortem brain. We collected three-dimensional images of 1746 cortical neurons, of which 852 neurons were reconstructed to quantify local dendritic morphology, and mapped to standard atlases. In our data, human neurons are more diverse across brain regions than by subject age or gender. The strong stereotypy within cohorts of brain regions allows generating a statistical tensor field of neuron morphology to characterize anatomical modularity of a human brain.
Topics: Humans; Neurons; Brain Mapping; Brain; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Head
PubMed: 37824619
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3771 -
Neurobiology of Disease Jun 2023Epilepsy is now conceptualized as a network disease. The epileptic brain network comprises structurally and functionally connected cortical and subcortical brain regions... (Review)
Review
Epilepsy is now conceptualized as a network disease. The epileptic brain network comprises structurally and functionally connected cortical and subcortical brain regions - spanning lobes and hemispheres -, whose connections and dynamics evolve in time. With this concept, focal and generalized seizures as well as other related pathophysiological phenomena are thought to emerge from, spread via, and be terminated by network vertices and edges that also generate and sustain normal, physiological brain dynamics. Research over the last years has advanced concepts and techniques to identify and characterize the evolving epileptic brain network and its constituents on various spatial and temporal scales. Network-based approaches further our understanding of how seizures emerge from the evolving epileptic brain network, and they provide both novel insights into pre-seizure dynamics and important clues for success or failure of measures for network-based seizure control and prevention. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and address several important challenges that would need to be addressed to move network-based prediction and control of seizures closer to clinical translation.
Topics: Humans; Electroencephalography; Seizures; Epilepsy; Brain; Brain Mapping
PubMed: 36997129
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106098 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Electroencephalography (EEG) is a widely recognised non-invasive method for capturing brain electrophysiological activity [...].
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a widely recognised non-invasive method for capturing brain electrophysiological activity [...].
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Electrophysiological Phenomena
PubMed: 38005444
DOI: 10.3390/s23229056 -
Schizophrenia Bulletin Sep 2023Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia have distinct but also overlapping symptoms. Few studies have examined the shared and disorder-specific...
BACKGROUND
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia have distinct but also overlapping symptoms. Few studies have examined the shared and disorder-specific disturbances in dynamic brain function in the 2 disorders.
STUDY DESIGN
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 31 patients with OCD and 49 patients with schizophrenia, all untreated, and 45 healthy controls (HCs) were analyzed using spatial group independent component (IC) analysis. Time-varying degree centrality patterns across the whole brain were clustered into 3 reoccurring states, and state transition metrics were obtained. We further explored regional temporal variability of degree centrality for each IC across all time windows.
STUDY RESULTS
Patients with OCD and patients with schizophrenia both showed decreased occurrence of a state having the highest centrality in the sensorimotor and auditory networks. Additionally, patients with OCD and patients with schizophrenia both exhibited reduced dynamics of degree centrality in the superior frontal gyrus than controls, while dynamic degree centrality of the cerebellum was lower in patients with schizophrenia than with OCD and HCs. Altered dynamics of degree centrality nominally correlated with symptom severity in both patient groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study provides evidence of transdiagnostic and clinically relevant functional brain abnormalities across OCD and schizophrenia in neocortex, as well as functional dynamic alterations in the cerebellum specific to schizophrenia. These findings add to the recognition of overlap in neocortical alterations in the 2 disorders, and indicate that cerebellar alterations in schizophrenia may be specifically important in schizophrenia pathophysiology via impact on cerebellar thalamocortical circuitry.
Topics: Humans; Brain Mapping; Schizophrenia; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Brain; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Neocortex
PubMed: 37030006
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad042 -
Human Brain Mapping Oct 2023Recent studies have reported that various brain regions, mainly sensory, unimodal regions, display phase synchronization with the stomach's slow (0.05 Hz)...
Recent studies have reported that various brain regions, mainly sensory, unimodal regions, display phase synchronization with the stomach's slow (0.05 Hz) myoelectrical rhythm. These gastric-brain interactions have broad implications, from feeding behavior to functional gastrointestinal disorders. However, in contrast to other interoceptive signals (e.g., heart rate) and their relation to the brain, little is known about the reliability of these gastric-brain interactions, their robustness to artifacts such as motion, and whether they can be generalized to new samples. Here we examined these aspects in 43 subjects that had undergone multiple runs of concurrent electrogastrography (EGG), brain fMRI, and pulse oximetry. We also repeated all analyses in an open dataset of a highly sampled individual. We found a set of brain regions that were coupled with the EGG signal after controlling for non-grey matter (GM) signals, head motion, and cardiac artifacts. These regions exhibited significant overlap with previous work. However, we also showed that prior to confound regression, the spatial extent of the gastric network was largely overestimated. Finally, we found substantial test-retest reliability in both the brain and the gastric signals when estimated alone, but not for measures of gastric-brain synchrony. Together, these results provide methodological scaffolding for future research into brain-stomach interactions and for a better understanding of the role of the gastric network.
Topics: Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Brain; Stomach; Brain Mapping; Electromyography; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37528686
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26436