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Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine Dec 2020The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of ambroxol hydrochloride and -acetylcysteine in the treatment of children with bronchial pneumonia and their...
The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of ambroxol hydrochloride and -acetylcysteine in the treatment of children with bronchial pneumonia and their influence on prognosis. A total of 120 children with bronchial pneumonia, admitted to The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University from July 2015 to August 2018, were enrolled in the study. Among them, 58 children were treated with -acetylcysteine and comprised the experimental group, and 62 children were treated with ambroxol hydrochloride and comprised the control group. Children's physical signs (such as fever, short breath, cough and pulmonary rales) and the adverse reactions to treatment were observed, and the disappearance time of the signs was recorded. In addition, the cellular immune function indicators and the quality of life after treatment were investigated. There was no significant difference in clinical data between the two groups (P>0.05). The effective rate in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The disappearance time of symptoms, such as fever, cough, asthma and rales in the lung, was significantly shorter in the experimental group than that in the control group (P<0.05). The hospitalization time of patients in the experimental group was shorter than that in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and complement C3 were significantly increased in the experimental group (P<0.01), and the IgA and IgG in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01). The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, -acetylcysteine has a significant effect on the treatment of bronchopneumonia in children providing a quick relief from symptoms, such as lung rales, and therefore is worthy of use in clinic.
PubMed: 33082862
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9260 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Sep 2020This paper reviews the technique used for thoracic -ultrasonography of the bovine lower respiratory tract and the ultrasonographic findings in calves with... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews the technique used for thoracic -ultrasonography of the bovine lower respiratory tract and the ultrasonographic findings in calves with -bronchopneumonia. Studies that compare the results of auscultation with those of ultrasonography and postmortem examination are included as are studies that examine the relationship between ultrasonographic findings and bacterial lung infection and prognosis. Lesions associated with bronchopneumonia, pleuropneumonia, pneumothorax and lung abscesses are -easily imaged ultrasonographically and characterised in calves.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bronchopneumonia; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Lung; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 32855119
DOI: 10.17236/sat00269 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2020is a cause of bronchopneumonia, mastitis and arthritis but may also affect other main organs in cattle such us the eye, ear or brain. Despite its non-zoonotic... (Review)
Review
is a cause of bronchopneumonia, mastitis and arthritis but may also affect other main organs in cattle such us the eye, ear or brain. Despite its non-zoonotic character, infections are responsible for substantial economic health and welfare problems worldwide. has spread worldwide, including to countries for a long time considered free of the pathogen. Control of infections is hampered by a lack of effective vaccines and treatments due to increasing trends in antimicrobial resistance. This review summarizes the latest data on the epizootic situation of infections and new sources/routes of transmission of the infection, and discusses the progress in diagnostics. The review includes various recommendations and suggestions which could be applied to infection control programs.
PubMed: 32781697
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080640 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021causes various chronic inflammatory diseases, including mastitis and bronchopneumonia, in dairy and feed cattle. It has been found to suppress the host immune response... (Review)
Review
causes various chronic inflammatory diseases, including mastitis and bronchopneumonia, in dairy and feed cattle. It has been found to suppress the host immune response during infection, leading to the development of chronic conditions. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that can induce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the host. This consists of an inflammatory response in the host that causes pathological immune damage, which is essential for the pathogenic mechanism of . Additionally, can escape host immune system elimination and, thus, cause chronic infection. This is accomplished by preventing phagocytosis and inhibiting key responses, including the neutrophil respiratory burst and the development of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that lead to the creation of an extracellular bactericidal network, in addition to inhibiting monocyte and alveolar macrophage apoptosis and inducing monocytes to produce anti-inflammatory factors, thus inducing the apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), inhibiting their proliferative response and resulting in their invasion. Together, these conditions lead to long-term infection. In terms of the pathogenic mechanism, may invade specific T-cell subsets and induce host generation of exhausted T-cells, which helps it to escape immune clearance. Moreover, the antigen exhibits high-frequency variation in size and expression period, which allows it to avoid activation of the host humoral immune response. This review includes some recent advances in studying the immune response to . These may help to further understand the host immune response against and to develop potential therapeutic approaches to control infection.
PubMed: 33806506
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030297 -
Der Pneumologe 2021The conventional X‑ray image is the method of choice for suspected pneumonia. Computed tomography (CT) is indicated for treatment refractory or recurrent infiltrates,... (Review)
Review
The conventional X‑ray image is the method of choice for suspected pneumonia. Computed tomography (CT) is indicated for treatment refractory or recurrent infiltrates, difficult differential diagnostics, suspected complications and in immunocompromised patients. Thoracic sonography can be used as an alternative method for initial diagnostics and in the intensive care unit to monitor progress. In addition to the detection of infiltrates the radiological classification can help to limit the pathogen spectrum. Radiologically, three forms of pneumonia can principally be differentiated: lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia. Furthermore, there are special forms of pneumonia with certain pathogens, such as aspergilloma, invasive mycosis, postprimary tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteriosis or in a specific clinical context, such as aspiration pneumonia, postinfarction pneumonia, retention pneumonia and septic emboli. The most frequent complications of pneumonia are lung abscesses and pleural empyema. Both can sometimes but not always be seen in the X‑ray image. If clinically suspected the indications for CT should be generously applied. Certain pre-existing diseases, such as immunodeficiency or structural alterations of the lungs can predispose to pulmonary infections, frequently with unusual pathogens or manifestation forms and must be taken into account in the diagnostics.
PubMed: 34248454
DOI: 10.1007/s10405-021-00401-5 -
Autopsy & Case Reports 2021Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are at particularly high risk for infection due to an immature immune system, invasive procedures such as endotracheal...
Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are at particularly high risk for infection due to an immature immune system, invasive procedures such as endotracheal intubation, intravascular catheterization, and other factors. Neonatal infections in this population are associated with a high mortality, poor growth, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. () infection is an uncommon but potentially devastating cause of pneumonia and sepsis in the ELBW population. is an important cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) or nosocomial infections. can perceive unfavorable environmental changes and orchestrate adaptations by developing plasmid-mediated and adaptive resistance to antibiotics. We describe an ELBW infant born at 26 weeks' gestation who succumbed at 13 days of life to infection. Some of the factors related to the pathogenesis and multidrug resistance are described.
PubMed: 34307227
DOI: 10.4322/acr.2021.271 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2016In the United States in the 1930s, although the pathogen was not known, atypical pneumonia was clinically distinguished from pneumococcal pneumonia by its resistance to... (Review)
Review
In the United States in the 1930s, although the pathogen was not known, atypical pneumonia was clinically distinguished from pneumococcal pneumonia by its resistance to sulfonamides. Reimann (1938) reported seven patients with an unusual form of tracheo bronchopneumonia and severe constitutional symptoms. He believed the clinical picture of this disease differed from that of the disease caused by influenza viruses or known bacteria and instead suspected "primary atypical pneumonia." For many years, the responsible infectious agent was tentatively classified as a filterable virus that could pass through a Seitz filter to remove bacteria and was reported to be a psittacosis-like or new virus. After that, Eaton et al. (1942, 1944, 1945) identified an agent that was the principal cause of primary atypical pneumonia using cotton rats, hamsters, and chick embryos. Eaton et al. (1942, 1944, 1945) did not perform an inoculation study in human volunteers. During the 1940s, there were three groups engaged in discovering the etiology of the primary atypical pneumonia. (1) Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases Diseases directed by John Dingle, (2) Dr. Monroe Eaton's group, the Virus Research Laboratory of the California State Public Health Department, (3) The Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research directed by Horsfall. During 1940s, the members of the Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases concluded that the bacteria-free filtrates obtained from the patients, presumably containing a virus, could induce primary atypical pneumonia in human volunteers via Pinehurst trials. During 1950s, serological approaches for identification of the Eaton agent developed such as Fluorescent-Stainable Antibody, and at the beginning of the1960s, the Eaton agent successfully grew in media, and finally accepted as a cause of primary atypical pneumonia. Thus, technical difficulties with visualizing the agent and failure to recognize the full significance of the Pinehurst transmission experiments resulted in a lapse of 20 years before acceptance of the Eaton agent as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This review describes the history of M. pneumoniae pneumonia with a special focus on the recognition between the 1930 and 1960s of the Eaton agent as the infectious cause.
PubMed: 27047477
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00364 -
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI Dec 2015In 1967, infants and toddlers immunized with a formalin-inactivated vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) experienced an enhanced form of RSV disease... (Review)
Review
In 1967, infants and toddlers immunized with a formalin-inactivated vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) experienced an enhanced form of RSV disease characterized by high fever, bronchopneumonia, and wheezing when they became infected with wild-type virus in the community. Hospitalizations were frequent, and two immunized toddlers died upon infection with wild-type RSV. The enhanced disease was initially characterized as a "peribronchiolar monocytic infiltration with some excess in eosinophils." Decades of research defined enhanced RSV disease (ERD) as the result of immunization with antigens not processed in the cytoplasm, resulting in a nonprotective antibody response and CD4(+) T helper priming in the absence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This response to vaccination led to a pathogenic Th2 memory response with eosinophil and immune complex deposition in the lungs after RSV infection. In recent years, the field of RSV experienced significant changes. Numerous vaccine candidates with novel designs and formulations are approaching clinical trials, defying our previous understanding of favorable parameters for ERD. This review provides a succinct analysis of these parameters and explores criteria for assessing the risk of ERD in new vaccine candidates.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Child, Preschool; Eosinophilia; Eosinophils; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Immunologic Memory; Infant; Lung; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Th2 Cells; Vaccination
PubMed: 26677198
DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00609-15 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2020EHV-1 infection is responsible for huge economic losses in equines due to abortion and neonatal mortality. In this study, we describe 4 cases of abortion and neonatal...
EHV-1 infection is responsible for huge economic losses in equines due to abortion and neonatal mortality. In this study, we describe 4 cases of abortion and neonatal deaths from pregnant mares and a she-donkey from different localities in Egypt during the period from May 2015 to October 2017. Attempts were made to isolate and identify EHV-1, in addition to compare the different pathological lesions in various tissues of the necropsied cases. EHV-1 was successfully isolated from two aborted fetuses and one dead neonatal foal from mares, beside one aborted fetus from a she-donkey. The positive cases showed cytopathic effect on embryonated chicken eggs scattered on chorioallantoic membrane. Moreover, PCR was applied for the pock lesions and revealed positive results for EHV-1. Interstitial pneumonia, bronchopneumonia and necrosis of hepatic, myocardial, microcotyledonary tissues besides disseminated thrombi were the main encountered lesions. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were demonstrated in brain, liver, placenta and pulmonary tissues. Here, we describe EHV-1 induced brain lesions represented by degenerated neurons, vascular endotheliosis with intranuclear inclusion bodies in the aborted she-donkey fetus. Lesions were more sever in the aborted fetuses from mares than the one from the she-donkey. EHV-1 antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry staining.
Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Animals; Equidae; Female; Fetus; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Horse Diseases; Horses; Pregnancy
PubMed: 32965312
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180837