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Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Sep 2020This paper reviews the technique used for thoracic -ultrasonography of the bovine lower respiratory tract and the ultrasonographic findings in calves with... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews the technique used for thoracic -ultrasonography of the bovine lower respiratory tract and the ultrasonographic findings in calves with -bronchopneumonia. Studies that compare the results of auscultation with those of ultrasonography and postmortem examination are included as are studies that examine the relationship between ultrasonographic findings and bacterial lung infection and prognosis. Lesions associated with bronchopneumonia, pleuropneumonia, pneumothorax and lung abscesses are -easily imaged ultrasonographically and characterised in calves.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bronchopneumonia; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Lung; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 32855119
DOI: 10.17236/sat00269 -
Veterinary Research 2004Rhodococcus equi is an important cause of subacute or chronic abscessating bronchopneumonia of foals up to 3-5 months of age. It shares the lipid-rich cell wall envelope... (Review)
Review
Rhodococcus equi is an important cause of subacute or chronic abscessating bronchopneumonia of foals up to 3-5 months of age. It shares the lipid-rich cell wall envelope characteristic of the mycolata, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as the ability of pathogenic members of this group to survive within macrophages. The possession of a large virulence plasmid in isolates recovered from pneumonic foals is crucial for virulence. The plasmid contains an 27 kb pathogenicity island (PI) that encodes seven related virulence-associated proteins (Vaps), including the immunodominant surface-expressed protein, VapA. Only PI genes are differentially expressed when the organism is grown in macrophages in vitro. Ten of the PI genes, including six Vap genes, have signal sequences, suggesting that they are exported from the cell to interact with the macrophage. Different PI genes are regulated by temperature, pH, iron, oxidative stress and probably also by magnesium, all environmental changes encountered after environmental R. equi are inhaled in dust and are ingested into macrophages in the lung. The basis of pathogenicity of R. equi is its ability to multiply in and eventually to destroy alveolar macrophages. Infectivity is largely or exclusively limited to cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Current evidence suggests that infection of foals with virulent R. equi results in some foals in subversion of cell-mediated immunity and development of an ineffective and sometimes lethal Th2-based immune response. Significant progress has been made recently in the development of R. equi-E. coli shuttle vectors, transformation and random and site specific mutagenesis procedures, all of which will be important in molecular dissection of the mechanisms by which R. equi subverts normal macrophage killing mechanisms and cell-mediated immunity.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bronchopneumonia; Horse Diseases; Horses; Rhodococcus equi
PubMed: 15236672
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2004024 -
Atlanta Journal-record of Medicine Dec 1904
PubMed: 36019456
DOI: No ID Found -
South African Medical Journal =... Mar 2023Bronchiolitis, a common reason for infant hospitalisation in South Africa (SA), is caused by viral pathogens. Bronchiolitis is typically an illness of mild to moderate...
Bronchiolitis, a common reason for infant hospitalisation in South Africa (SA), is caused by viral pathogens. Bronchiolitis is typically an illness of mild to moderate severity that occurs in well-nourished children. Hospitalised SA infants frequently have severe disease and/or coexisting medical conditions, and these cases of bronchiolitis may have bacterial co-infection that requires antibiotic therapy. However, the existence of widespread antimicrobial resistance in SA warrants the judicious use of antibiotics. This commentary describes: (i) common clinical pitfalls leading to an incorrect diagnosis of bronchopneumonia; and (ii) considerations for antibiotic therapy in hospitalised infants with bronchiolitis. If antibiotics are prescribed, the indication for their use should be clearly stated, and antibiotic therapy must be stopped promptly if investigations indicate that bacterial co-infection is unlikely. Until more robust data emerge, we recommend a pragmatic management strategy to inform antibiotic use in hospitalised SA infants with bronchiolitis in whom bacterial co-infection is suspected.
Topics: Infant; Child; Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchopneumonia; Coinfection; South Africa; Bronchiolitis; Bacterial Infections; Bronchiolitis, Viral
PubMed: 37278266
DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.2023.v113i6.709 -
Quarterly Bulletin. Northwestern... 1953
Topics: Bronchiolitis; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 13112362
DOI: No ID Found -
Autopsy & Case Reports 2021Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are at particularly high risk for infection due to an immature immune system, invasive procedures such as endotracheal...
Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are at particularly high risk for infection due to an immature immune system, invasive procedures such as endotracheal intubation, intravascular catheterization, and other factors. Neonatal infections in this population are associated with a high mortality, poor growth, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. () infection is an uncommon but potentially devastating cause of pneumonia and sepsis in the ELBW population. is an important cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) or nosocomial infections. can perceive unfavorable environmental changes and orchestrate adaptations by developing plasmid-mediated and adaptive resistance to antibiotics. We describe an ELBW infant born at 26 weeks' gestation who succumbed at 13 days of life to infection. Some of the factors related to the pathogenesis and multidrug resistance are described.
PubMed: 34307227
DOI: 10.4322/acr.2021.271 -
Respiratory Medicine Jan 2024The imaging findings of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) vary; however, few studies have focused on the relationship of imaging classification with clinical...
BACKGROUND
The imaging findings of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) vary; however, few studies have focused on the relationship of imaging classification with clinical manifestations and outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
To prospectively investigate whether chest imaging classification in Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is associated with its clinical features and outcomes.
METHODS
A total of 1,401 hospitalized children with MPP were enrolled from January 2019 to December 2021. Imaging findings were categorized as bronchopneumonia and consolidation/atelectasis according to X-ray, and bronchopneumonia, consolidation/atelectasis, bronchiolitis, and mosaic pattern according to computed tomography (CT). Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with different imaging classifications were prospectively analyzed based on electronic medical records.
RESULTS
Bronchopneumonia was the most common finding (59.6%), while consolidation/atelectasis was the most severe group. Clinical manifestations and laboratory indicators for the consolidation/atelectasis group included serious abnormalities. Further, outcomes of the patients were worse, including having longer total durations of fever and hospitalization, greater hospitalization expenses, and a higher likelihood of developing refractory MPP, necrotizing pneumonia, and bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) in this group. The incidence of bronchiolitis, a disease characterized by a high prevalence of fever, moist rales, and an atopic constitution, tended to increase after the coronavirus disease pandemic and predisposed patients to BO. A mosaic pattern occurred in allergic and young individuals, with wheezing as the main manifestation, with patients having relatively mild symptoms and good outcomes.
CONCLUSION
Different imaging classifications have different clinical features and clinical outcomes; thus, formulating an imaging-based classification system is of great clinical value.
Topics: Child; Humans; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Bronchopneumonia; Retrospective Studies; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Pulmonary Atelectasis; Bronchiolitis; Bronchiolitis Obliterans; Fever
PubMed: 38043865
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107480 -
Veterinary Pathology Mar 2023Bronchopneumonia with interstitial pneumonia (BIP) has been considered a variant of acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) rather than a distinct disease. This study...
Bronchopneumonia with interstitial pneumonia (BIP) has been considered a variant of acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) rather than a distinct disease. This study compared 18 BIP, 24 bronchopneumonia (BP), and 13 AIP cases in feedlot beef cattle. Grossly, BIP cases typically had cranioventral lung lesions of similar morphology and extent as BP cases, but the caudodorsal lung appeared overinflated, bulged on section, and had interlobular edema and emphysema. Gross diagnosis of BIP had 83% sensitivity and 73% specificity relative to histopathology. Histologic lesions of BIP in cranioventral areas were of chronic BP, while caudodorsal lesions included alveolar and bronchiolar damage and inflammation, interstitial hypercellularity, and multifocal hemorrhages. In BIP cases, cranioventral lung lesions were more chronic than caudodorsal lesions. Histologic scores and microbiology data were comparable in cranioventral lung of BIP versus BP cases and caudodorsal lung of BIP versus AIP cases, with differences reflecting a more chronic disease involving less virulent bacteria in BIP versus BP. infection was similarly frequent among groups, and a viral cause of BIP was not identified. Lesion morphology and similar blood cytokine concentrations among groups argued against sepsis as a cause of lung injury. Surfactant dysfunction was identified in BIP and BP, and was only partially the result of protein exudation. These and other findings establish BIP as a distinct condition in which chronic cranioventral BP precedes acute caudodorsal interstitial lung disease, supporting a role of chronic inflammation in heightened sensitivity to 3-methylindole or another lung toxicant.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Bronchopneumonia; Cattle Diseases; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Lung; Inflammation
PubMed: 36625178
DOI: 10.1177/03009858221146092 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Jan 2021Aspiration pneumonia (AP) and bronchopneumonia (BP) are poorly characterized diseases in cats that share clinical similarities to inflammatory airway disease (IAD).
BACKGROUND
Aspiration pneumonia (AP) and bronchopneumonia (BP) are poorly characterized diseases in cats that share clinical similarities to inflammatory airway disease (IAD).
OBJECTIVES
Describe clinicopathologic, radiographic, and microbiologic features in cats with AP and BP and compare findings to those in cats with IAD.
ANIMALS
Thirty-three cats with AP and 26 with BP; 44 cats with IAD.
METHODS
Retrospective case-control study. Results extracted for all cats included signalment, physical examination findings, historical details, and potential risk factors for aspiration. Diagnostic test results were summarized including CBC, bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid analysis and microbial culture. Radiographs were reviewed in masked fashion and scored for severity. Results of BAL fluid analysis were assessed for evidence of septic inflammation.
RESULTS
Cats with AP were less likely to be presented for evaluation of cough (P < .001) and more likely to be hypothermic (P = .01) than were cats with IAD or BP. Median duration of signs was significantly shorter in cats with AP (12 days) compared to cats with BP or IAD (270 and 180 days; P = .01). Radiographically, cats with AP were more likely to have an alveolar pattern and higher total score than were cats with BP or IAD. Mycoplasma spp. were the organisms most commonly cultured from BAL fluid in cats with BP, but were not cultured from any cats with AP.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Pneumonia must be distinguished from IAD in cats with cough and AP should be considered in cats with acute onset of tachypnea.
Topics: Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchopneumonia; Case-Control Studies; Cat Diseases; Cats; Inflammation; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33315286
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16005 -
The Hospital May 1906
PubMed: 29821398
DOI: No ID Found