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Cancer Medicine Apr 2023Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are epithelial malignancies that can arise from multiple tissues. Gastrointestinal (GI) NETs are the most common; in this review of... (Review)
Review
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are epithelial malignancies that can arise from multiple tissues. Gastrointestinal (GI) NETs are the most common; in this review of extra-abdominal carcinoid tumors, we focus our discussion on bronchial and thymic carcinoid tumors. Bronchial carcinoid tumors comprise a quarter of all NETs and less than 2% of all lung cancers. Thymic carcinoid tumors are extremely rare, accounting for 5% of thymic tumors. Both bronchial and thymic carcinoid tumors are histologically classified as either typical or atypical based on their mitotic rate (less than 2 or 2-10 mitoses per 10 high-powered fields (HPF), respectively). Both bronchial and thymic carcinoids can present with symptoms of obstruction and potentially carcinoid syndrome. The gold standard of management of bronchial and thymic carcinoid tumors is surgical resection. For patients with advanced disease, first-line systemic therapy is generally somatostatin analog monotherapy with octreotide or lanreotide. In patients with refractory disease, therapy generally involves peptide receptor radioligand therapy, everolimus, or cytotoxic chemotherapy. There are ongoing, prospective trials comparing the mainstays of systemic therapy for these patients, as well as ongoing evaluations of immune checkpoint inhibitors and multi-kinase inhibitors. Prognosis for both bronchial and thymic carcinoid tumors depends on histologic grade, local versus invasive disease, and extent of metastases. Herein we provide a summary of the pathophysiologic and clinical background, the current state of the field in diagnosis and management, and note of key ongoing prospective trials for patients with bronchial and thymic carcinoid tumors.
Topics: Humans; Prospective Studies; Carcinoid Tumor; Bronchial Neoplasms; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Abdomen
PubMed: 36560885
DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5564 -
Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt... Oct 2006Tracheal tumors are uncommon, making up only 0.2% of all respiratory malignancies in the United States. One consequence of this low incidence is that few centers... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Tracheal tumors are uncommon, making up only 0.2% of all respiratory malignancies in the United States. One consequence of this low incidence is that few centers accumulate meaningful experience. Another is the lack of awareness of effective therapy. Bronchial gland tumors demonstrate oncologic diversity and include benign, low-grade, and high-grade malignant tumors.
METHODS
We reviewed the present knowledge of bronchial gland tumors of the trachea, carina, and bronchi, including the epidemiology, presentation, evaluation, tumor types, and treatment options.
RESULTS
The malignant bronchial gland tumors, adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, are far more common than benign mucinous cystadenoma or pleomorphic adenoma. Complete resection of localized tumors has excellent long-term results in symptomatic benign tumors. The disease-free survival after resection of malignant tumors is limited by distant metastasis and regional disease, while local recurrence is uncommon. Postoperative mediastinal radiation is now accepted adjuvant therapy. Experience at our institute demonstrates a significant survival advantage for patients with complete resection compared to unresectable patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Expanding knowledge of diagnostic evaluation and surgical therapy can improve the long-term survival of patients with tracheobronchial gland tumors.
Topics: Bronchial Neoplasms; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Thoracic Surgical Procedures; Tracheal Neoplasms; United States
PubMed: 17075566
DOI: 10.1177/107327480601300406 -
Singapore Medical Journal Aug 2017
Topics: Bronchial Neoplasms; Bronchoscopy; Female; Humans; Lipoma; Middle Aged; Radiography, Thoracic; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 28261742
DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2017015 -
Journal of Radiology Case Reports Oct 2012Carcinosarcoma is an uncommon mixed tumor of the lung. We present the case of a 65 year-old-male with cough and a right lower lobe radio-opacity who underwent resection,... (Review)
Review
Carcinosarcoma is an uncommon mixed tumor of the lung. We present the case of a 65 year-old-male with cough and a right lower lobe radio-opacity who underwent resection, showing a large endobronchial tumor with an epithelial component of non-small cell carcinoma and malignant mesenchymal elements. The radiologic and histopathologic features are reviewed with reference to relevant literature.
Topics: Aged; Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinosarcoma; Diaphragm; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Male; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 23378874
DOI: 10.3941/jrcr.v6i10.1049 -
Respiratory Care Dec 2014Endobronchial chondromas are rare benign tumors. They may be part of the Carney triad; however, isolated endobronchial chondromas can occur in the larynx, trachea, and...
Endobronchial chondromas are rare benign tumors. They may be part of the Carney triad; however, isolated endobronchial chondromas can occur in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. We report a case of an endobronchial chondroma in a 61-y-old man with an incidental 5-mm endobronchial polypoid lesion at the proximal left main bronchus that was later found to be an endobronchial chondroma. Flexible bronchoscopy demonstrated a pedunculated, vascularized, pink mass. An excisional biopsy revealed a well-circumscribed lesion with nodular areas of mature cartilage and myxoid tissue confirmatory of an endobronchial chondroma. We reviewed a total of 23 cases of isolated endobronchial chondromas reported in the medical literature. Despite their rarity, endobronchial chondromas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of endobronchial tumors. Prompt recognition and resection of endobronchial chondromas is important to prevent airway obstruction and its associated complications.
Topics: Biopsy; Bronchial Neoplasms; Bronchoscopy; Chondroma; Humans; Incidental Findings; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography
PubMed: 25233382
DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02673 -
Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 2020Tracheobronchial masses encompass a broad spectrum of entities, ranging from benign and malignant neoplasms to infectious and inflammatory processes. This article... (Review)
Review
Tracheobronchial masses encompass a broad spectrum of entities, ranging from benign and malignant neoplasms to infectious and inflammatory processes. This article reviews the cross-sectional findings of tracheal tumors and tumor-like entities, correlates imaging findings with histologic pathology, and discusses pearls and pitfalls in accurately diagnosing and classifying tracheal tumors and mimics.
Topics: Bronchial Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Tracheal Neoplasms
PubMed: 31076268
DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2019.04.003 -
Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany) Nov 2015
Topics: Bronchial Neoplasms; Germany; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Pulmonary Medicine; Thoracic Surgery
PubMed: 26544520
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1563757 -
Medicine Oct 2022Bronchial schwannomas are extremely rare among the benign tracheobronchial tumors and little are known about its epidemiology and optimal clinical management. Here, we... (Review)
Review
RATIONALE
Bronchial schwannomas are extremely rare among the benign tracheobronchial tumors and little are known about its epidemiology and optimal clinical management. Here, we report a case of bronchial schwannoma in a young Japanese man and clinical implications about epidemiology, symptom, diagnosis, and treatment of bronchial schwannoma.
PATIENTS CONCERN
A 37-year-old man visited our department with a nodule incidentally found on his chest radiograph during a routine medical checkup.
DIAGNOSIS
The tumor was diagnosed as a bronchial schwannoma after pathological evaluation. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of spindle cell proliferation characterized by an alternating highly ordered cellular Antoni A component with occasional nuclear palisading and a loose myxoid Antoni B component. Tumor cells were immunoreactive for S100 but not for smooth muscle actin or KIT.
INTERVENTIONS
A video-assisted right middle and lower bilobectomy was performed.
OUTCOME
He remains under observation without recurrence.
LESSONS
In our review, many reports have come from Asian countries. Bronchial schwannoma can occur within a wide range of age groups and in both men and women. No difference in incidence was observed between right and left bronchial tree. Bronchial schwannoma is sometimes difficult to differentiate from malignant diseases. We should include bronchial schwannoma as one of the differential diagnoses of primary bronchial tumors.
Topics: Actins; Adult; Bronchial Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Neurilemmoma; Pneumonectomy
PubMed: 36221358
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000031062 -
Archivos de Bronconeumologia Feb 2023
Topics: Humans; Leiomyoma; Lung Neoplasms; Bronchial Neoplasms
PubMed: 36153217
DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.08.007 -
Journal of Thoracic Oncology : Official... Apr 2009Preinvasive lesions are considered the precursors of squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Treatment at the preinvasive stage, before the potential for metastasis,... (Review)
Review
Preinvasive lesions are considered the precursors of squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Treatment at the preinvasive stage, before the potential for metastasis, may improve survival from squamous cell carcinoma. An understanding of the natural history and outcome of preinvasive lesions is essential for the accurate interpretation studies of their treatment, and decisions regarding the management of individual lesions. The natural history of preinvasive lesions has only been reported in a small number of highly selected patients and uses different inclusion criteria, treatment criteria. and time-periods of follow-up, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. High-grade preinvasive lesions carry a risk of progression to carcinoma but most patients have multiple lesions and a significant probability of developing new lesions over time. Distinguishing lesions with malignant potential, the targets for therapy, from those that will regress or remain indolent is difficult. The American College of Chest Physicians guidelines recommend bronchoscopic follow-up of severe dysplasia and carcinoma-in situ. This review of the evidence regarding the natural history and outcome of preinvasive lesions supports this view, but also shows that further studies in individuals at risk for lung cancer are necessary before guidelines for the management of preinvasive lesions can be developed.
Topics: Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Precancerous Conditions; Prevalence
PubMed: 19279508
DOI: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31819667bd