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The Veterinary Quarterly Jan 2021Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great animal welfare and economic implications worldwide known since ancient times. The emergence of brucellosis in new areas as... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great animal welfare and economic implications worldwide known since ancient times. The emergence of brucellosis in new areas as well as transmission of brucellosis from wild and domestic animals is of great significance in terms of new epidemiological dimensions. Brucellosis poses a major public health threat by the consumption of non-pasteurized milk and milk products produced by unhygienic dairy farms in endemic areas. Regular and meticulous surveillance is essentially required to determine the true picture of brucellosis especially in areas with continuous high prevalence. Additionally, international migration of humans, animals and trade of animal products has created a challenge for disease spread and diagnosis in non-endemic areas. Isolation and identification remain the gold standard test, which requires expertise. The advancement in diagnostic strategies coupled with screening of newly introduced animals is warranted to control the disease. Of note, the diagnostic value of miRNAs for appropriate detection of infection has been shown. The most widely used vaccine strains to protect against infection and related abortions in cattle are strain 19 and RB51. Moreover, it is very important to note that no vaccine, which is highly protective, safe and effective is available either for bovines or human beings. Research results encourage the use of bacteriophage lysates in treatment of bovine brucellosis. One Health approach can aid in control of this disease, both in animals and man.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Brucella; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Humans; MicroRNAs; Zoonoses
PubMed: 33353489
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1868616 -
Nature Apr 2016Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn disease and type 2 diabetes. ER stress induces the unfolded protein...
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn disease and type 2 diabetes. ER stress induces the unfolded protein response, which involves activation of three transmembrane receptors, ATF6, PERK and IRE1α. Once activated, IRE1α recruits TRAF2 to the ER membrane to initiate inflammatory responses via the NF-κB pathway. Inflammation is commonly triggered when pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors or nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, detect tissue damage or microbial infection. However, it is not clear which PRRs have a major role in inducing inflammation during ER stress. Here we show that NOD1 and NOD2, two members of the NOD-like receptor family of PRRs, are important mediators of ER-stress-induced inflammation in mouse and human cells. The ER stress inducers thapsigargin and dithiothreitol trigger production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in a NOD1/2-dependent fashion. Inflammation and IL-6 production triggered by infection with Brucella abortus, which induces ER stress by injecting the type IV secretion system effector protein VceC into host cells, is TRAF2, NOD1/2 and RIP2-dependent and can be reduced by treatment with the ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholate or an IRE1α kinase inhibitor. The association of NOD1 and NOD2 with pro-inflammatory responses induced by the IRE1α/TRAF2 signalling pathway provides a novel link between innate immunity and ER-stress-induced inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Brucella abortus; Cell Line; Dithiothreitol; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Endoribonucleases; Female; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NF-kappa B; Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Receptors, Pattern Recognition; Signal Transduction; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2; Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid; Thapsigargin; Unfolded Protein Response
PubMed: 27007849
DOI: 10.1038/nature17631 -
Microbes and Infection 2019
Topics: Brucella abortus; Brucellosis; Computers, Molecular; DNA, Bacterial; DNA-Binding Proteins; Synthetic Biology
PubMed: 30590174
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.11.002 -
Veterinary Research Jul 2015Brucella abortus vaccines play a central role in bovine brucellosis control/eradication programs and have been successfully used worldwide for decades. Strain 19 and... (Review)
Review
Brucella abortus vaccines play a central role in bovine brucellosis control/eradication programs and have been successfully used worldwide for decades. Strain 19 and RB51 are the approved B. abortus vaccines strains most commonly used to protect cattle against infection and abortion. However, due to some drawbacks shown by these vaccines much effort has been undertaken for the development of new vaccines, safer and more effective, that could also be used in other susceptible species of animals. In this paper, we present a review of the main aspects of the vaccines that have been used in the brucellosis control over the years and the current research advances in the development of new B. abortus vaccines.
Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Animals; Brucella Vaccine; Brucella abortus; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Female; Pregnancy
PubMed: 26155935
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0199-7 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2022Human brucellosis caused by the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella spp. is an endemic bacterial zoonosis manifesting as acute or chronic infections with high...
BACKGROUND
Human brucellosis caused by the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella spp. is an endemic bacterial zoonosis manifesting as acute or chronic infections with high morbidity. Treatment typically involves a combination therapy of two antibiotics for several weeks to months, but despite this harsh treatment relapses occur at a rate of 5-15%. Although poor compliance and reinfection may account for a fraction of the observed relapse cases, it is apparent that the properties of the infectious agent itself may play a decisive role in this phenomenon.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
We used B. abortus carrying a dual reporter in a macrophage infection model to gain a better understanding of the efficacy of recommended therapies in cellulo. For this we used automated fluorescent microscopy as a prime read-out and developed specific CellProfiler pipelines to score infected macrophages at the population and the single cell level. Combining microscopy of constitutive and induced reporters with classical CFU determination, we quantified the protective nature of the Brucella intracellular lifestyle to various antibiotics and the ability of B. abortus to persist in cellulo despite harsh antibiotic treatments.
CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE
We demonstrate that treatment of infected macrophages with antibiotics at recommended concentrations fails to fully prevent growth and persistence of B. abortus in cellulo, which may be explained by a protective nature of the intracellular niche(s). Moreover, we show the presence of bona fide intracellular persisters upon antibiotic treatment, which are metabolically active and retain the full infectious potential, therefore constituting a plausible reservoir for reinfection and relapse. In conclusion, our results highlight the need to extend the spectrum of models to test new antimicrobial therapies for brucellosis to better reflect the in vivo infection environment, and to develop therapeutic approaches targeting the persister subpopulation.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucella abortus; Brucellosis; Humans; Macrophages; Reinfection
PubMed: 35881641
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010635 -
Virulence Jan 2018
Topics: Brucella abortus; Brucellosis; Lipopolysaccharides; Virulence
PubMed: 29144201
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1395544 -
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious... 2022Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great public health importance. In wild animals, Brucella abortus is one of the most diagnosed species, mainly in enzootic...
PURPOSE
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great public health importance. In wild animals, Brucella abortus is one of the most diagnosed species, mainly in enzootic environments where domestic animals share the same environment. B. abortus is common in environments shared by cattle, wild, and domestic animals. This study aimed to detect the presence of B. abortus DNA in free-ranging and captivity felids at Mato Grosso State, Brazil.
METHOD
Polymerase chain reaction, based on the genetic element IS711, was performed in blood samples collected from 23 free-ranging and captive felids. The species represented include Leopardus colocolo, Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus wiedii, Panthera onca, Puma concolor, and Puma yagouaroundi.
RESULTS
DNA amplification of B. abortus was observed in only one captive P. concolor (4.34%).
CONCLUSION
The detection of this pathogen in captive animals using molecular tools demonstrates the importance of monitoring, as it raises concerns about the possibility of transmission between humans and wild and domestic animals, especially in regions of vast biodiversity, such as in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Brazil; Brucella abortus; Cattle; DNA; Felidae; Humans; Panthera
PubMed: 35447100
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102351 -
Heliyon Dec 2018is a Gram-negative facultative and intracellular bacteria, it causes bovine brucellosis, a zoonotic disease that is responsible for considerable economic loss to owners... (Review)
Review
is a Gram-negative facultative and intracellular bacteria, it causes bovine brucellosis, a zoonotic disease that is responsible for considerable economic loss to owners of domesticated animals and can cause problems in otherwise healthy humans. There are a few available live attenuated vaccines for animal immunization against brucellosis; however, these have significant side effects and offer insufficient protective efficacy. Thus, the need for more research into the Molecular pathobiology and immunological properties of that would lead to the development of better and safer vaccines. In this paper we have reviewed the main aspects of the pathology and the responsive immunological mechanisms, we have also covered current and new prospective vaccines against .
PubMed: 30603712
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01079 -
Trends in Microbiology Dec 2015Brucellae are facultative intracellular pathogens. The recent development of methods and genetically engineered strains allowed the description of cell-cycle progression... (Review)
Review
Brucellae are facultative intracellular pathogens. The recent development of methods and genetically engineered strains allowed the description of cell-cycle progression of Brucella abortus, including unipolar growth and the ordered initiation of chromosomal replication. B. abortus cell-cycle progression is coordinated with intracellular trafficking in the endosomal compartments. Bacteria are first blocked at the G1 stage, growth and chromosome replication being resumed shortly before reaching the intracellular proliferation compartment. The control mechanisms of cell cycle are similar to those reported for the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, and they are crucial for survival in the host cell. The development of single-cell analyses could also be applied to other bacterial pathogens to investigate their cell-cycle progression during infection.
Topics: Brucella abortus; Brucellosis; Caulobacter crescentus; Cell Cycle; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Chromosomes, Bacterial; DNA Replication; DNA, Bacterial; Endosomes; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Protein Transport
PubMed: 26497941
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.09.007 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Feb 2020The present study aimed to explore the differences in protein and gene expression of Brucella abortus cultured under biofilm and planktonic conditions. The proteins... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The present study aimed to explore the differences in protein and gene expression of Brucella abortus cultured under biofilm and planktonic conditions. The proteins unique to biofilms and planktonic B. abortus were separated by two‑dimensional (2‑D) electrophoresis and then identified by matrix‑assisted laser desorption/ionization‑tandem time of flight‑mass spectrometry (MALDI‑TOF/TOF‑MS). High‑throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed genes between B. abortus cultured under biofilm and planktonic conditions. The proteins and genes identified by proteomic and genomic analyses were further evaluated via western blot and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) analyses. 2‑D electrophoresis identified 20 differentially expressed protein spots between biofilms and planktonic cells, which corresponded to 18 individual proteins (12 downregulated and 6 upregulated) after MALDI‑TOF/TOF‑MS analysis, including elongation factor Tu and enolase. RT‑qPCR analysis revealed that all of the 18 genes were downregulated in biofilms compared with planktonic cells. Western blot analysis identified 9 downregulated and 3 upregulated proteins. High‑throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analyses identified 14 function and pathway‑associated genes (e.g., BAbS19_I14970). RT‑qPCR analysis of the 14 genes showed that they were upregulated in biofilm compared with in planktonic state. In conclusion, these differentially expressed genes may play important roles in bacterial defense, colonization, invasion, and virulence.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Brucella abortus; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Plankton; Proteomics; RNA, Messenger; Reproducibility of Results; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31974592
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10888