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The Veterinary Quarterly Jan 2021Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great animal welfare and economic implications worldwide known since ancient times. The emergence of brucellosis in new areas as... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great animal welfare and economic implications worldwide known since ancient times. The emergence of brucellosis in new areas as well as transmission of brucellosis from wild and domestic animals is of great significance in terms of new epidemiological dimensions. Brucellosis poses a major public health threat by the consumption of non-pasteurized milk and milk products produced by unhygienic dairy farms in endemic areas. Regular and meticulous surveillance is essentially required to determine the true picture of brucellosis especially in areas with continuous high prevalence. Additionally, international migration of humans, animals and trade of animal products has created a challenge for disease spread and diagnosis in non-endemic areas. Isolation and identification remain the gold standard test, which requires expertise. The advancement in diagnostic strategies coupled with screening of newly introduced animals is warranted to control the disease. Of note, the diagnostic value of miRNAs for appropriate detection of infection has been shown. The most widely used vaccine strains to protect against infection and related abortions in cattle are strain 19 and RB51. Moreover, it is very important to note that no vaccine, which is highly protective, safe and effective is available either for bovines or human beings. Research results encourage the use of bacteriophage lysates in treatment of bovine brucellosis. One Health approach can aid in control of this disease, both in animals and man.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Brucella; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Humans; MicroRNAs; Zoonoses
PubMed: 33353489
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1868616 -
Microbes and Infection 2019
Topics: Brucella abortus; Brucellosis; Computers, Molecular; DNA, Bacterial; DNA-Binding Proteins; Synthetic Biology
PubMed: 30590174
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.11.002 -
Trends in Microbiology Dec 2015Brucellae are facultative intracellular pathogens. The recent development of methods and genetically engineered strains allowed the description of cell-cycle progression... (Review)
Review
Brucellae are facultative intracellular pathogens. The recent development of methods and genetically engineered strains allowed the description of cell-cycle progression of Brucella abortus, including unipolar growth and the ordered initiation of chromosomal replication. B. abortus cell-cycle progression is coordinated with intracellular trafficking in the endosomal compartments. Bacteria are first blocked at the G1 stage, growth and chromosome replication being resumed shortly before reaching the intracellular proliferation compartment. The control mechanisms of cell cycle are similar to those reported for the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, and they are crucial for survival in the host cell. The development of single-cell analyses could also be applied to other bacterial pathogens to investigate their cell-cycle progression during infection.
Topics: Brucella abortus; Brucellosis; Caulobacter crescentus; Cell Cycle; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Chromosomes, Bacterial; DNA Replication; DNA, Bacterial; Endosomes; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Protein Transport
PubMed: 26497941
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.09.007 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes severe economic loss to husbandry and poses a threat to human health. The A19 live vaccine has been extensively used to...
is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes severe economic loss to husbandry and poses a threat to human health. The A19 live vaccine has been extensively used to prevent bovine brucellosis in China. However, it is difficult to distinguish the serological response induced by A19 from that induced by natural infection. In this study, a novel genetically marked vaccine, A19ΔvirB12, was generated and evaluated. The results indicated that A19ΔvirB12 was able to provide effective protection against 2308 (S2308) challenge in mice. Furthermore, the safety and protective efficacy of A19ΔvirB12 have been confirmed in natural host cattle. Additionally, the VirB12 protein allowed for serological differentiation between the S2308 challenge/natural infection and A19ΔvirB12 vaccination. However, previous studies have found that the accuracy of the serological detection based on VirB12 needs to be improved. Therefore, we attempted to identify potential supplementary antigens with differential diagnostic functions by combining label-free quantitative proteomics and protein chip technology. Twenty-six proteins identified only in S2308 were screened; among them, five proteins were considered as potential supplementary antigens. Thus, the accuracy of the differential diagnosis between A19ΔvirB12 immunization and field infection may be improved through multi-antigen detection. In addition, we explored the possible attenuation factors of vaccine strain. Nine virulence factors were downregulated in A19ΔvirB12. The downregulation pathways of A19ΔvirB12 were significantly enriched in quorum sensing, ATP-binding cassette transporter, and metabolism. Several proteins related to cell division were significantly downregulated, while some proteins involved in transcription were upregulated in S2308. In conclusion, our results contribute to the control and eradication of brucellosis and provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the attenuation of A19ΔvirB12.
Topics: Animals; Brucella Vaccine; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cytokines; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Models, Animal; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Markers; Immunization; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Mice; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Proteomics; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vaccines, Synthetic; Virulence
PubMed: 34163479
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679560 -
Veterinary Research Jul 2015Brucella abortus vaccines play a central role in bovine brucellosis control/eradication programs and have been successfully used worldwide for decades. Strain 19 and... (Review)
Review
Brucella abortus vaccines play a central role in bovine brucellosis control/eradication programs and have been successfully used worldwide for decades. Strain 19 and RB51 are the approved B. abortus vaccines strains most commonly used to protect cattle against infection and abortion. However, due to some drawbacks shown by these vaccines much effort has been undertaken for the development of new vaccines, safer and more effective, that could also be used in other susceptible species of animals. In this paper, we present a review of the main aspects of the vaccines that have been used in the brucellosis control over the years and the current research advances in the development of new B. abortus vaccines.
Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Animals; Brucella Vaccine; Brucella abortus; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Female; Pregnancy
PubMed: 26155935
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0199-7 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Feb 2020The present study aimed to explore the differences in protein and gene expression of Brucella abortus cultured under biofilm and planktonic conditions. The proteins... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The present study aimed to explore the differences in protein and gene expression of Brucella abortus cultured under biofilm and planktonic conditions. The proteins unique to biofilms and planktonic B. abortus were separated by two‑dimensional (2‑D) electrophoresis and then identified by matrix‑assisted laser desorption/ionization‑tandem time of flight‑mass spectrometry (MALDI‑TOF/TOF‑MS). High‑throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed genes between B. abortus cultured under biofilm and planktonic conditions. The proteins and genes identified by proteomic and genomic analyses were further evaluated via western blot and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) analyses. 2‑D electrophoresis identified 20 differentially expressed protein spots between biofilms and planktonic cells, which corresponded to 18 individual proteins (12 downregulated and 6 upregulated) after MALDI‑TOF/TOF‑MS analysis, including elongation factor Tu and enolase. RT‑qPCR analysis revealed that all of the 18 genes were downregulated in biofilms compared with planktonic cells. Western blot analysis identified 9 downregulated and 3 upregulated proteins. High‑throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analyses identified 14 function and pathway‑associated genes (e.g., BAbS19_I14970). RT‑qPCR analysis of the 14 genes showed that they were upregulated in biofilm compared with in planktonic state. In conclusion, these differentially expressed genes may play important roles in bacterial defense, colonization, invasion, and virulence.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Brucella abortus; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Plankton; Proteomics; RNA, Messenger; Reproducibility of Results; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31974592
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10888 -
PloS One 2021Bovine brucellosis induces abortion in cows, produces important economic losses, and causes a widely distributed zoonosis. Its eradication was achieved in several...
Bovine brucellosis induces abortion in cows, produces important economic losses, and causes a widely distributed zoonosis. Its eradication was achieved in several countries after sustained vaccination with the live attenuated Brucella abortus S19 vaccine, in combination with the slaughtering of serologically positive animals. S19 induces antibodies against the smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS), making difficult the differentiation of infected from vaccinated bovines. We developed an S19 strain constitutively expressing the green fluorescent protein (S19-GFP) coded in chromosome II. The S19-GFP displays similar biological characteristics and immunogenic and protective efficacies in mice to the parental S19 strain. S19-GFP can be distinguished from S19 and B. abortus field strains by fluorescence and multiplex PCR. Twenty-five heifers were vaccinated withS19-GFP (5×109 CFU) by the subcutaneous or conjunctival routes and some boosted with GFP seven weeks thereafter. Immunized animals were followed up for over three years and tested for anti-S-LPS antibodies by both the Rose Bengal test and a competitive ELISA. Anti-GFP antibodies were detected by an indirect ELISA and Western blotting. In most cases, anti-S-LPS antibodies preceded for several weeks those against GFP. The anti-GFP antibody response was higher in the GFP boosted than in the non-boosted animals. In all cases, the anti-GFP antibodies persisted longer, or at least as long, as those against S-LPS. The drawbacks and potential advantages of using the S19-GFP vaccine for identifying vaccinated animals in infected environments are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Brucella Vaccine; Brucella abortus; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Fluorescence; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Mice; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Vaccination
PubMed: 34807952
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260288 -
BMC Microbiology Feb 2017Brucellosis is a common and chronic disease of cattle and other bovids that often causes reproductive disorders. Natural infection in cattle is caused by Brucella...
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis is a common and chronic disease of cattle and other bovids that often causes reproductive disorders. Natural infection in cattle is caused by Brucella abortus and transmission typically occurs during abortions, calving, or nursing. Brucellosis is also a major zoonotic disease due to contamination of dairy products or contact with the tissues of infected animals. Brucellosis has been eradicated from most of the developed world in the last 40 years but persists in many regions-the disease remains prevalent in portions of Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Central and South America, as well as in the Mediterranean basin. In Italy, B. abortus has persisted in southern regions in both cattle and water buffalo. Previous attempts at analyzing the phylogenetics of B. abortus in Italy have been challenging due to limited genetic variability and unresolved global population genetic structure of this pathogen.
RESULTS
We conducted genome-wide phylogenetic analyses on 11 representative strains of B. abortus from Italy, and compared these sequences to a worldwide collection of publically available genomes. Italian isolates belong to three clades that are basal to the main and global B. abortus lineage. Using six SNP-based assays designed to identify substructure within the Italian clades, we surveyed a collection of 261 isolates and found that one clade predominates throughout endemic districts in the country, while the other two clades are more geographically restricted to portions of southern Italy.
CONCLUSIONS
Although related strains exist worldwide, B. abortus isolates from Italy are substantially different than those found in much of the rest of Europe and North America, and are more closely related to strains from the Middle East and Asia. Our assays targeting genetic substructure within Italy allowed us to identify the major lineages quickly and inexpensively, without having to generate whole genome sequences for a large isolate collection. These findings highlight the importance of genetic studies to assess the status and the history of pathogens.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Asia; Brucella abortus; Brucellosis; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Bacterial; Europe; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Geographic Mapping; Italy; Molecular Typing; North America; Phylogeny; Zoonoses
PubMed: 28152976
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0939-0 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021A novel influenza viral vector based vaccine (Flu-BA) was introduced for use in cattle in Kazakhstan in 2019. In this study, the safety and efficacy of the vaccine was...
A novel influenza viral vector based vaccine (Flu-BA) was introduced for use in cattle in Kazakhstan in 2019. In this study, the safety and efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated in male and female cattle at different ages, and during pregnancy as a part of its registration process. Our data demonstrated that the Flu-BA vaccine was safe after prime or booster vaccination in calves (5-7 months old male and female), heifers (15-17 months old) and cows (6-7 years old) and was not abortogenic in pregnant animals. A mild, localized granuloma was observed at the Flu-BA injection site. Vaccinated animals did not show signs of influenza infection or reduced milk production in dairy cows, and the influenza viral vector (IVV) was not recovered from nasal swabs or milk. Vaccinated animals in all age groups demonstrated increased IgG antibody responses against Omp16 and L7/L12 proteins with calves demonstrating the greatest increase in humoral responses. Following experimental challenge with 544, vaccinates demonstrated greater protection and no signs of clinical disease, including abortion, were observed. The vaccine effectiveness against infection was 75, 60 and 60%, respectively, in calves, heifers and adult cows. were not isolated from calves of vaccinated cattle that were experimentally challenged during pregnancy. Our data suggests that the Flu-BA vaccine is safe and efficacious in cattle, including pregnant animals; and can therefore be administered to cattle of any age.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Brucella Vaccine; Brucella abortus; Cattle; Female; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Influenza, Human; Kazakhstan; Male; Pregnancy; Vaccination
PubMed: 34290993
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.669196 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Apr 2020Brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a major disease of cattle and humans worldwide distributed. Eradication and control of the disease has been difficult in...
Brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a major disease of cattle and humans worldwide distributed. Eradication and control of the disease has been difficult in Central and South America, Central Asia, the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Epidemiological strategies combined with phylogenetic methods provide the high-resolution power needed to study relationships between surveillance data and pathogen population dynamics, using genetic diversity and spatiotemporal distributions. This information is crucial for prevention and control of disease spreading at a local and worldwide level. In Costa Rica (CR), the disease was first reported at the beginning of the 20th century and has not been controlled despite many efforts. We characterized 188 B. abortus isolates from CR recovered from cattle, humans and water buffalo, from 2003 to 2018, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed in 95 of them. They were also assessed based on geographic origin, date of introduction, and phylogenetic associations in a worldwide and national context. Our results show circulation of five B. abortus lineages (I to V) in CR, phylogenetically related to isolates from the United States, United Kingdom, and South America. Lineage I was dominant and probably introduced at the end of the 19th century. Lineage II, represented by a single isolate from a water buffalo, clustered with a Colombian sample, and was likely introduced after 1845. Lineages III and IV were likely introduced during the early 2000s. Fourteen isolates from humans were found within the same lineage (lineage I) regardless of their geographic origin within the country. The main CR lineages, introduced more than 100 years ago, are widely spread throughout the country, in contrast to new introductions that seemed to be more geographically restricted. Following the brucellosis prevalence and the farming practices of several middle- and low-income countries, similar scenarios could be found in other regions worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Brucella abortus; Brucellosis; Brucellosis, Bovine; Buffaloes; Cattle; Costa Rica; Genotype; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; Population Dynamics; Prevalence; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 32287327
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008235