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Polish Journal of Microbiology Jun 2018Brucellae are Gram-negative, small rods infecting mammals and capable of causing disease called brucellosis. The infection results in abortion and sterility in domestic... (Review)
Review
Brucellae are Gram-negative, small rods infecting mammals and capable of causing disease called brucellosis. The infection results in abortion and sterility in domestic animals (sheeps, pigs, rams etc). Especially dangerous for humans are: Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella abortus, and Brucella canis that trigger unspecific symptoms (flu-like manifestation). Brucella rods are introduced via host cells, by inhalation, skin abrasions, ingestion or mucosal membranes. The most important feature of Brucella is the ability to survive and multiply within both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. Brucella does not produce classical virulence factors: exotoxin, cytolisins, exoenzymes, plasmids, fimbria, and drug resistant forms. Major virulence factors are: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), T4SS secretion system and BvrR/BvrS system, which allow interaction with host cell surface, formation of an early, late BCV (Brucella Containing Vacuole) and interaction with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when the bacteria multiply. The treatment of brucellosis is based on two-drug therapy, the most common combinations of antibiotics are: doxycycline with rifampicin or fluoroquinolones with rifampicin. Currently, also other methods are used to disrupt Brucella intracellular replication (tauroursodeoxycholic acid or ginseng saponin fraction A).
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucella; Brucellosis; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Sheep; Swine; Type IV Secretion Systems; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30015453
DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-029 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021Canine brucellosis is an infectious and zoonotic disease caused by , which has been reported worldwide, and is a major public health concern due to close contact between... (Review)
Review
Canine brucellosis is an infectious and zoonotic disease caused by , which has been reported worldwide, and is a major public health concern due to close contact between dogs and humans. In dogs, canine brucellosis manifests with abortion outbreaks, reproductive failure, enlargement of lymph nodes, and occasionally affects the osteoarticular system, although the occurrence of asymptomatic infections in dogs are not uncommon. In humans, the disease is associated with a febrile syndrome, commonly with non-specific symptoms including splenomegaly, fatigue, and weakness. Infection of dogs occurs mostly by the oronasal route when in contact with contaminated tissues such as aborted fetuses, semen, urine, and vaginal secretions. In humans, contact with contaminated fluids from infected dogs is an important source of infection, and it is an occupational risk for veterinarians, breeders, laboratory workers, among other professionals who deal with infected animals or biological samples. The diagnosis in dogs is largely based on serologic methods. However, serologic diagnosis of canine brucellosis remains very challenging due to the low accuracy of available tests. Molecular diagnostic methods have been increasingly used in the past few years. Treatment of infected dogs is associated with a high frequency of relapse, and should be employed only in selected cases. Currently there are no commercially available vaccines for prevention of canine brucellosis. Therefore, development of novel and improved diagnostic methods as well as the development of efficacious and safe vaccination protocols are needed for an effective control of canine brucellosis and its associated zoonotic risk.
PubMed: 33738302
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.594291 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Jan 2018In Canada, remains a potentially devastating infectious agent that is still considered uncommon, despite the increasing international movement of dogs. There may be a... (Review)
Review
In Canada, remains a potentially devastating infectious agent that is still considered uncommon, despite the increasing international movement of dogs. There may be a growing risk to the Canadian canine population due to a reliance on outdated seroprevalence studies and the lack of federal regulation. With the complex diagnostic and management challenges associated with a One Health approach is necessary to address the need for ongoing research, including updating canine and human seroprevalence rates in Canada, elucidating the pathogenesis, and determining the most appropriate treatment and prevention strategies. Clinical management decisions are often complicated by currently available treatment protocols, and health risks to both canine and human populations. This article integrates recent research focusing on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of and outlines current clinical management approaches.
Topics: Animals; Brucella canis; Brucellosis; Canada; Dog Diseases; Dogs
PubMed: 29302106
DOI: No ID Found -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023The zoonotic bacteria, , is becoming the leading cause of canine brucellosis in Europe. In dogs, it causes reproductive problems as well as non-specific lameness or... (Review)
Review
The zoonotic bacteria, , is becoming the leading cause of canine brucellosis in Europe. In dogs, it causes reproductive problems as well as non-specific lameness or discospondilitis. In humans, can be origin of chronic debilitating conditions characteristic to its genus such as undulant fever, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Although shows some pathogenic characteristics similar to and , it lacks surface O-polysaccharide, like nonzoonotic . This review shows that host- interactions are still poorly understood, with many knowledge and capability gaps, causing relatively poor sensitivity and specificity of existing diagnostic tools. Currently, there is no vaccine for this rough species. Besides, antimicrobial therapy does not guarantee bacterial elimination, and infection relapses are frequently reported, increasing the risks of antibiotic resistance development. has been detected in dogs in almost all European countries which increased human exposure, but currently there is no systematic surveillance. Moreover, caused brucellosis is not included in Animal Health Law, and therefore there is no legal framework to tackle this emerging infectious disease. To map out the diagnostic strategies, identify risks for human infections and propose management scheme for infected pet and kennel dogs, we present current understanding of canine caused brucellosis, outline major knowledge gaps and propose future steps. To address and highlight challenges veterinary and public health services encounter in Europe, we developed two infection scenarios: of a single household pet and of a kennel dog in larger group.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Sheep; Brucella canis; Public Health; Dog Diseases; Brucellosis; Europe
PubMed: 37649455
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249126 -
Microorganisms Aug 2022Brucellosis is one of the most important and widespread bacterial zoonoses worldwide. Cases are reported annually across the range of known infectious species of the... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is one of the most important and widespread bacterial zoonoses worldwide. Cases are reported annually across the range of known infectious species of the genus Globally, , primarily hosted by domestic sheep and goats, affects large proportions of livestock herds, and frequently spills over into humans. While some species, such as , are well controlled in livestock in areas of North America, the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem supports the species in native wild ungulates with occasional spillover to livestock. Elsewhere in North America, other species still infect domestic dogs and feral swine, with some associated human cases. spp. patterns vary across space globally with and the most important for livestock control. A myriad of other species within the genus infect a wide range of marine mammals, wildlife, rodents, and even frogs. Infection in humans from these others varies with geography and bacterial species. Control in humans is primarily achieved through livestock vaccination and culling and requires accurate and rapid species confirmation; vaccination is spp.-specific and typically targets single livestock species for distribution. Traditional bacteriology methods are slow (some media can take up to 21 days for bacterial growth) and often lack the specificity of molecular techniques. Here, we summarize the molecular techniques for confirming and identifying specific species and provide recommendations for selecting the appropriate methods based on need, sensitivity, and laboratory capabilities/technology. As vaccination/culling approaches are costly and logistically challenging, proper diagnostics and species identification are critical tools for targeting surveillance and control.
PubMed: 36014002
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081584 -
Acta Medica Portuguesa Dec 1999Brucellosis is a zoonosis, reported for the first time in 1859 by Marston, in Malta. It has also been referred to as Mediterranean Fever, Malta Fever and Bang's disease.... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a zoonosis, reported for the first time in 1859 by Marston, in Malta. It has also been referred to as Mediterranean Fever, Malta Fever and Bang's disease. Its causative agent was isolated by David Bruce in 1886; this was Brucella melitensis: five different strains were later described: B. abortus, B. suis, B. ovis, B. neotomae and B. canis. Recently, in 1994, the isolation of Brucella was reported in marine mammals, eventually pathogenic to man and unofficially designated "B. maris". Human brucellosis is still a public health problem in countries where the infection has not been eradicated from the animal hosts. When manifested, human disease may assume different courses, widely known, but whose physiopathology is still not totally clear. Much is already known about the agent's molecular biology and in vitro behaviour, but, doubts persist about its in vivo activity, including in human infection. We review some aspects of brucellosis, focusing on the pathogenesis, and referring to new and potential diagnostic methods, therapy and prevention.
Topics: Brucellosis; Humans
PubMed: 10892434
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022To describe the clinical and imaging findings of 33 dogs with discospondylitis (BDS).
OBJECTIVE
To describe the clinical and imaging findings of 33 dogs with discospondylitis (BDS).
ANIMALS
33 client owned dogs from four veterinary specialty hospitals within Colorado and Arizona with at least one positive test and spinal diagnostic imaging.
PROCEDURES
Retrospective review of signalment, physical and neurological examination findings, laboratory results, serology, and diagnostic imaging of 33 dogs with BDS. All imaging was reviewed by a board-certified veterinary neurologist. Radiographs were reviewed by a board-certified veterinary radiologist blinded to MRI and CT findings.
RESULTS
31/33 (94%) dogs were <5 years old (median = 2.5 years, mean = 2.9 years, range 0.5-10 years). 21/29 (72%) dogs had signs of nonspecific pain, spinal pain, or lameness for >3 months (median = 6 months, mean = 8.2 months, range 5 days-4 years). Fever was seen in only 4/28 (14%) dogs. Multifocal lesions were evident on radiographs in 21/29 (72%) dogs and MRI in 12/18 (67%) dogs. Smooth, round, central end-plate lysis, defined as "hole punch" lesions, were identified radiographically in 25/29 (86%) dogs. Vertebral physitis or spondylitis without discitis was evident on MRI in 7/18 (39%) dogs.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Dogs with BDS typically present at a young age with a long duration of clinical signs. Identification of radiographic "hole punch" lesions and MRI evidence of vertebral physitis, spondylitis, and paravertebral inflammation without discitis should increase suspicion for BDS. BDS may be increasing in frequency in the southwestern United States, and dogs with signs of chronic spinal pain and/or lameness should be screened for .
PubMed: 36406064
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1043610 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021The transcriptional regulator MucR is related to normal growth, stress responses and virulence, and affects the expression of various virulence-related genes in...
The transcriptional regulator MucR is related to normal growth, stress responses and virulence, and affects the expression of various virulence-related genes in smooth-type strains. However, the function of MucR in the rough-type remains unknown. In this study, we discovered that MucR protein was involved in resistance to heat stress, iron-limitation, and various antibiotics in . . In addition, the expression level of various bacterial flagellum-related genes was altered in mutant strain. Deletion of this transcriptional regulator in significantly affected virulence in RAW264.7 macrophage and mice infection model. To gain insight into the genetic basis for distinctive phenotypic properties exhibited by mutant strain, RNA-seq was performed and the result showed that various genes involved in translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, signal transduction mechanisms, energy production, and conversion were significantly differently expressed in Δ strain. Overall, these studies have not only discovered the phenotype of mutant strain but also preliminarily uncovered the molecular mechanism between the transcriptional regulator MucR, stress response and bacterial virulence in . .
PubMed: 34250056
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.650942 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2018Phylogenetic sister clades and within the order Rhizobiales present some common biological characteristics as well as evident differences in adaptations to their... (Review)
Review
Phylogenetic sister clades and within the order Rhizobiales present some common biological characteristics as well as evident differences in adaptations to their mammalian reservoirs. We reviewed published data on and infections in wild carnivores to compare the ecology of these bacteria in relatively similar host environments. Arthropod vectors are the main mechanism for species transmission between mammalian hosts. The role of arthropods in transmission of remains disputed, however experimental studies and reported detection of in arthropods indicate potential vector transmission. More commonly, transmission of occurs via contact exposure to infected animals or the environment contaminated with their discharges. Of 26 species of carnivores tested for both and , 58% harbored either. Among them were bobcats, African lions, golden jackals, coyotes, wolves, foxes, striped skunks, sea otters, raccoons, and harbor seals. The most common species of in wild carnivores was , found in 23 species, followed by in 12, in ten, and subsp. in seven. Among species, was reported in over 30 terrestrial carnivore species, followed by in seven. Marine carnivores, such as seals and sea lions, can host . In contrast, there is no evidence of a strain specific for marine mammals. species are present practically in every sampled species of wild felids, but of 14 studies of felids, only five reported and those were limited to detection of antibodies. We found no reports of in bears while was detected in these animals. There is evident host-specificity of species in wild carnivores (e.g., in felids and subsp. in canids). A co-adaptation of with terrestrial wild carnivore hosts is not as straightforward as in domestic animals. Wild carnivores often carry the same pathogens as their domesticated relatives (cats and dogs), but the risk of exposure varies widely because of differences in biology, distribution, and historical interactions.
PubMed: 30662899
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00322