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Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023The zoonotic bacteria, , is becoming the leading cause of canine brucellosis in Europe. In dogs, it causes reproductive problems as well as non-specific lameness or... (Review)
Review
The zoonotic bacteria, , is becoming the leading cause of canine brucellosis in Europe. In dogs, it causes reproductive problems as well as non-specific lameness or discospondilitis. In humans, can be origin of chronic debilitating conditions characteristic to its genus such as undulant fever, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Although shows some pathogenic characteristics similar to and , it lacks surface O-polysaccharide, like nonzoonotic . This review shows that host- interactions are still poorly understood, with many knowledge and capability gaps, causing relatively poor sensitivity and specificity of existing diagnostic tools. Currently, there is no vaccine for this rough species. Besides, antimicrobial therapy does not guarantee bacterial elimination, and infection relapses are frequently reported, increasing the risks of antibiotic resistance development. has been detected in dogs in almost all European countries which increased human exposure, but currently there is no systematic surveillance. Moreover, caused brucellosis is not included in Animal Health Law, and therefore there is no legal framework to tackle this emerging infectious disease. To map out the diagnostic strategies, identify risks for human infections and propose management scheme for infected pet and kennel dogs, we present current understanding of canine caused brucellosis, outline major knowledge gaps and propose future steps. To address and highlight challenges veterinary and public health services encounter in Europe, we developed two infection scenarios: of a single household pet and of a kennel dog in larger group.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Sheep; Brucella canis; Public Health; Dog Diseases; Brucellosis; Europe
PubMed: 37649455
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249126 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Nov 2023Human brucellosis, one of the most common zoonoses worldwide, is rare in Japan. Brucella canis is the specific pathogen of human brucellosis carried by dogs. According...
Human brucellosis, one of the most common zoonoses worldwide, is rare in Japan. Brucella canis is the specific pathogen of human brucellosis carried by dogs. According to an epidemiological study of B. canis infection in Japan, B. canis is the specific pathogen of human brucellosis in dogs. We herein report a rare case of meningoencephalomyelitis caused by B. canis in a 68-year-old Japanese man. Neurobrucellosis was diagnosed based on a serum tube agglutination test and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid findings. The patient was started on targeted treatment with a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin. Although extremely rare, neurobrucellosis should be considered in patients with a fever of unknown origin and unexplained neurological symptoms.
PubMed: 37926538
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2664-23 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Mar 2024Animal hoarding disorder (AHD) is classified as a psychiatric obsessive-compulsive condition characterized by animal accumulation and often accompanied by unsanitary...
Animal hoarding disorder (AHD) is classified as a psychiatric obsessive-compulsive condition characterized by animal accumulation and often accompanied by unsanitary conditions and animal cruelty. Although AHD may increase pathogen transmission and spread, particularly for zoonotic diseases, human and dog exposure in such cases has yet to be fully established. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess Brucella canis in 19 individuals with AHD (11 households) and their 264 dogs (21 households) in Curitiba, the eighth largest city in Brazil, with approximately 1.8 million habitants. Anti-B. canis antibodies were detected by the 2-mercaptoethanol microplate agglutination test (2ME-MAT) and by a commercial lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), while molecular detection of previously positive seropositive samples was performed by conventional PCR. Although all the human samples were 2ME-MAT negative, 12/264 (4.5%, 95% Confidence Interval: 2.0-7.0%) dog samples were 2ME-MAT and LFIA positive, with 2ME-MAT titers ranging from 20 to 640. At least one dog in 4/21 (19.0%, 95% CI: 2.0-46.0%) households was seropositive. Despite the absence of seropositivity in individuals with AHD and the comparatively low seroprevalence in dogs, B. canis circulation and outbreaks should be considered in such human populations due to the high burden and recurrent character of B. canis exposure in high-density dog populations and the constant introduction of susceptible animals.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Brucella canis; Brucellosis; Dog Diseases; One Health; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Hoarding Disorder
PubMed: 38470939
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011974 -
Microorganisms Aug 2023Canine brucellosis caused by , is an infectious disease affecting dogs and wild Canidae. Clinical diagnosis is challenging, and laboratory testing is crucial for a...
Canine brucellosis caused by , is an infectious disease affecting dogs and wild Canidae. Clinical diagnosis is challenging, and laboratory testing is crucial for a definitive diagnosis. Various serological methods have been described, but their accuracy is uncertain due to limited validation studies. The present study aimed to evaluate the performances of three serological tests for the diagnosis of in comparison with bacterial isolation (gold standard), in order to establish a protocol for the serological diagnosis of canine brucellosis. A panel of sera from naturally infected dogs ( = 61), from which was isolated, and uninfected dogs ( = 143), negative for isolation, were tested using microplate serum agglutination (mSAT), complement fixation performed using the antigen (-CFT), and a commercial immunofluorescence assay (IFAT). The sensitivity and specificity of the three serological methods were, respectively, the following: 96.7% (95% CI 88.8-98.7%) and 92.3 (95% CI 86.7-95.1%) for mSAT; 96.7% (95% CI 88.8-98.7%) and 96.5 (95% CI 92.1-98.2%) for -CFT; 98.4% (95% CI 91.3-99.4%) and 99.3 (95% CI 96.2-99.8%) for IFAT. The use in of the three methods in parallel, combined with bacterial isolation and molecular methods, could improve the diagnosis of the infection in dogs.
PubMed: 37764006
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092162 -
Cureus Jan 2024Brucellosis is an infectious illness contracted by humans through the consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy items. organisms are diminutive, gram-negative,...
INTRODUCTION
Brucellosis is an infectious illness contracted by humans through the consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy items. organisms are diminutive, gram-negative, non-motile, and non-spore-forming facultative intracellular, aerobic intracellular coccobacilli residing within the reproductive organs of host animals, leading to conditions such as abortions and sterility. Numerous species of have been identified, with the following four exhibiting varying degrees of pathogenicity in humans: (originating from sheep), (associated with pigs), (linked to cattle), and (found in dogs). and demonstrate the highest level of pathogenicity, while and exhibit a more moderate degree of pathogenicity. The illness can progress to systemic involvement, with the musculoskeletal system being particularly susceptible to complications. Spinal epidural abscess is an infrequent complication that may occur during spondylitis caused by species. Epidural abscesses most commonly affect the lumbar vertebrae, while their involvement in the cervical spine is relatively rare.
OBJECTIVE
In this review, we explore spine brucellosis, covering its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and evolving treatments. We aim to enhance early detection, timely intervention, and patient outcomes.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This retrospective chart analysis was conducted by revising all medical files for patients in whom spinal brucellosis was diagnosed and managed.
RESULTS
This study was conducted at King Hussein Medical Center (KHMC), Jordan, and included a total of 20 patients who were diagnosed with spine brucellosis during the study period. Within the final cohort, 65% of the patients were male (13/20), with an average age at diagnosis of 47.53±14.98 years (ranging from 4 to 61 years). The female group, on the other hand, had an average age at diagnosis of 51.12±15.55 years (ranging from 3 to 58 years). Statistical analysis of the data revealed no significant demographic differences between the two groups. Regarding the co-morbidities, no statistical differences were observed between the two groups. Examining the occupational status of the two groups, no differences were observed. Also, no differences were observed between the two groups regarding the residence place, or the spinal segment involved.
CONCLUSION
Spine brucellosis, although uncommon, poses a complex clinical challenge. Early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach are crucial for effective management. Further research is needed to refine diagnostic tools and treatment guidelines for spine brucellosis.
PubMed: 38318596
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51761 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Some spp. are important pathogens. According to the latest prokaryotic taxonomy, the genus consists of facultative intracellular parasitic species and extracellular...
Some spp. are important pathogens. According to the latest prokaryotic taxonomy, the genus consists of facultative intracellular parasitic species and extracellular opportunistic or environmental species. Intracellular species include classical and nonclassical types, with different species generally exhibiting host preferences. Some classical intracellular species can cause zoonotic brucellosis, including , , , and . Extracellular species comprise opportunistic or environmental species which belonged formerly to the genus and thus nowadays renamed as for example or , which are the most frequent opportunistic human pathogens within the recently expanded genus . The cause of the diverse phenotypic characteristics of different species is still unclear. To further investigate the genetic evolutionary characteristics of the genus and elucidate the relationship between its genomic composition and prediction of phenotypic traits, we collected the genomic data of from the NCBI Genome database and conducted a comparative genomics study. We found that classical and nonclassical intracellular species and extracellular species exhibited differences in phylogenetic relationships, horizontal gene transfer and distribution patterns of mobile genetic elements, virulence factor genes, and antibiotic resistance genes, showing the close relationship between the genetic variations and prediction of phenotypic traits of different species. Furthermore, we found significant differences in horizontal gene transfer and the distribution patterns of mobile genetic elements, virulence factor genes, and antibiotic resistance genes between the two chromosomes of , indicating that the two chromosomes had distinct dynamics and plasticity and played different roles in the survival and evolution of . These findings provide new directions for exploring the genetic evolutionary characteristics of the genus and could offer new clues to elucidate the factors influencing the phenotypic diversity of the genus.
PubMed: 38721599
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1389859 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Human brucellosis causes serious public health concerns in Ningxia, China.
OBJECTIVE
Human brucellosis causes serious public health concerns in Ningxia, China.
METHODS
This study employed epidemiological, bacteriological, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) methods to conduct an epidemiological investigation, which is necessary for devising tailored control strategies.
RESULTS
Between 1958 and 2022, 29,892 cases were reported, with an average annual number of cases and incidence of 467 and 7.1/100,000, respectively. The epidemic situation gradually worsened, with cases escalating from 26 cases in 2005 to 6,292 in 2022, with the incidence rate rising from 0.441 in 2005 to 86.83 in 2022. Geographically, the disease spread from a single affected county in 2004 to encompass all 22 counties in 2022. Yanchi County had the highest incidence, followed by the Hongsibao and Tongxin counties. These data suggest that infection has become a rampant regional concern in human brucellosis. Between 1958 and 2019, a total of 230 strains were identified across four studied hosts. These strains comprised four species with 12 biovars, including bv. 1, bv. 2, bv. 3, bv. 1, bv. 3, bv. 4, bv. 5, bv. 6, bv. 7, bv. 1 and bv. 3, and . These data highlight the high species/biovars and host diversity of the population, posing a substantial challenge to brucellosis surveillance. There was an apparent transition from multiple species/biovars historically to the current dominance of a single species, , emphasizing the requirement for strengthening surveillance of . Genotypes 42 and 116, constituting 96.2% of the total number of genotypes, predominated in panel 1 and , indicating that all strains belong to the East Mediterranean lineage. cluster analysis revealed persistent transmission of dominant circulating genotypes, presenting an epidemic pattern characterized primarily by epidemiologically related cases with a few sporadic cases. Strains in this study exhibited high genetic homogeneity with strains from the Northwest, and those from Kazakhstan and Mongolia.
CONCLUSION
The epidemic situation of human brucellosis has gradually worsened; the rampant epidemic of the disease has become a regional concern. The present study highlights that implementing the of targeted surveillance and intervention strategies is urge.
PubMed: 38314436
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1320845 -
Veterinarni Medicina Jul 2023A 2-year-old, spayed female, Bichon Frise dog was presented with reluctance to exercise, back pain, and frequent sitting down. Multiple osteolysis, periosteal...
A 2-year-old, spayed female, Bichon Frise dog was presented with reluctance to exercise, back pain, and frequent sitting down. Multiple osteolysis, periosteal proliferation, and sclerosis of the vertebral endplates of T11-13 were observed in the radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The bacterial culture of the urine specimen, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the blood, and the antibody tests were positive for . Accordingly, discospondylitis caused by was diagnosed and doxycycline was administered. The clinical signs resolved and the culture and PCR results were negative afterwards. Doxycycline was discontinued after 6 months. The clinical signs recurred 2 weeks later, and the combination treatment of doxycycline and enrofloxacin was initiated. Though no clinical signs were observed after 9 months and the bacterial cultures and PCR were negative, the antibody titre remained at 1 : 200 or more. The dog will continue taking antibiotics until the antibody titre drops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a clinical infection of associated with canine discospondylitis in the Republic of Korea. Although the clinical signs of brucellosis might improve with antibiotic treatment, the disease cannot be cured due to 's various strategies to evade host immune systems. Specifically, it can proliferate and replicate within the host cells, resulting in an environment that makes treatment less effective. Furthermore, owing to its zoonotic potential, owners and veterinarians should consider lifelong management or euthanasia.
PubMed: 37982052
DOI: 10.17221/37/2023-VETMED -
ACS Omega Dec 2023The efficacy of rifampicin encapsulated in poly(lactic--glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles was evaluated for the treatment of BALB/c mice experimentally infected with...
The efficacy of rifampicin encapsulated in poly(lactic--glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles was evaluated for the treatment of BALB/c mice experimentally infected with . The PLGA nanoparticles loaded with rifampicin (RNP) were prepared using the single emulsification-solvent evaporation technique, resulting in nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 138 ± 6 nm. The zeta potential and polydispersity index values indicated that the system was relatively stable with a narrow size distribution. The release of rifampicin from the nanoparticles was studied in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. The release profile showed an initial burst phase, followed by a slower release stage attributed to nanoparticle degradation and relaxation, which continued for approximately 30 days until complete drug release. A combined model of rifampicin release, accounting for both the initial burst and the degradation-relaxation of the nanoparticles, effectively described the experimental data. The efficacy of RNP was studied ; infected mice were treated with free rifampicin at concentrations of 2 mg per kilogram of mice per day (C1) and 4 mg per kilogram of mice per day (C2), as well as equivalent doses of RNP. Administration of four doses of the nanoparticles significantly reduced the load in the spleen of infected BALB/c mice. RNP demonstrated superior effectiveness compared to the free drug in the spleen, achieving reductions of 85.4 and 49.4%, respectively, when using C1 and 93.3 and 61.8%, respectively, when using C2. These results highlight the improved efficacy of the antibiotic when delivered through nanoparticles in experimentally infected mice. Therefore, the RNP holds promise as a potential alternative for the treatment of .
PubMed: 38162745
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07892