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Cell Insight Feb 2024, an adept intracellular pathogen, causes brucellosis, a zoonotic disease leading to significant global impacts on animal welfare and the economy. Regrettably, there is... (Review)
Review
, an adept intracellular pathogen, causes brucellosis, a zoonotic disease leading to significant global impacts on animal welfare and the economy. Regrettably, there is currently no approved and effective vaccine for human use. The ability of to evade host defenses is essential for establishing chronic infection and ensuring stable intracellular growth. employs various mechanisms to evade and undermine the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host through modulating the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), inflammatory responses, or the activation of immune cells like dendritic cells (DCs) to inhibit antigen presentation. Moreover, it regulates multiple cellular processes such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy to establish persistent infection within host cells. This review summarizes the recently discovered mechanisms employed by to subvert host immune responses and research progress on vaccines, with the aim of advancing our understanding of brucellosis and facilitating the development of more effective vaccines and therapeutic approaches against .
PubMed: 38250017
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100143 -
Microorganisms Aug 2023One Health is the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment, a concept that historically owes much... (Review)
Review
One Health is the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment, a concept that historically owes much to the study of brucellosis, including recent political and ethical considerations. Brucellosis One Health actors include Public Health and Veterinary Services, microbiologists, medical and veterinary practitioners and breeders. Brucellosis awareness, and the correct use of diagnostic, epidemiological and prophylactic tools is essential. In brucellosis, One Health implementation faces inherited and new challenges, some aggravated by global warming and the intensification of breeding to meet growing food demands. In endemic scenarios, disease awareness, stakeholder sensitization/engagement and the need to build breeder trust are unresolved issues, all made difficult by the protean characteristics of this zoonosis. Extended infrastructural weaknesses, often accentuated by geography and climate, are critically important. Capacity-building faces misconceptions derived from an uncritical adoption of control/eradication strategies applied in countries with suitable means, and requires additional reference laboratories in endemic areas. Challenges for One Health implementation include the lack of research in species other than cattle and small ruminants, the need for a safer small ruminant vaccine, the need to fill in the infrastructure gap, the need for realistic capacity-building, the creation of reference laboratories in critical areas, and the stepwise implementation of measures not directly transposed from the so-called developed countries.
PubMed: 37630630
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082070 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023The zoonotic bacteria, , is becoming the leading cause of canine brucellosis in Europe. In dogs, it causes reproductive problems as well as non-specific lameness or... (Review)
Review
The zoonotic bacteria, , is becoming the leading cause of canine brucellosis in Europe. In dogs, it causes reproductive problems as well as non-specific lameness or discospondilitis. In humans, can be origin of chronic debilitating conditions characteristic to its genus such as undulant fever, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Although shows some pathogenic characteristics similar to and , it lacks surface O-polysaccharide, like nonzoonotic . This review shows that host- interactions are still poorly understood, with many knowledge and capability gaps, causing relatively poor sensitivity and specificity of existing diagnostic tools. Currently, there is no vaccine for this rough species. Besides, antimicrobial therapy does not guarantee bacterial elimination, and infection relapses are frequently reported, increasing the risks of antibiotic resistance development. has been detected in dogs in almost all European countries which increased human exposure, but currently there is no systematic surveillance. Moreover, caused brucellosis is not included in Animal Health Law, and therefore there is no legal framework to tackle this emerging infectious disease. To map out the diagnostic strategies, identify risks for human infections and propose management scheme for infected pet and kennel dogs, we present current understanding of canine caused brucellosis, outline major knowledge gaps and propose future steps. To address and highlight challenges veterinary and public health services encounter in Europe, we developed two infection scenarios: of a single household pet and of a kennel dog in larger group.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Sheep; Brucella canis; Public Health; Dog Diseases; Brucellosis; Europe
PubMed: 37649455
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249126 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Sep 2023Brucellosis is a major public health concern worldwide, especially for persons living in resource-limited settings. Historically, an evidence-based estimate of the...
Brucellosis is a major public health concern worldwide, especially for persons living in resource-limited settings. Historically, an evidence-based estimate of the global annual incidence of human cases has been elusive. We used international public health data to fill this information gap through application of risk metrics to worldwide and regional at-risk populations. We performed estimations using 3 statistical models (weighted average interpolation, bootstrap resampling, and Bayesian inference) and considered missing information. An evidence-based conservative estimate of the annual global incidence is 2.1 million, significantly higher than was previously assumed. Our models indicate Africa and Asia sustain most of the global risk and cases, although areas within the Americas and Europe remain of concern. This study reveals that disease risk and incidence are higher than previously suggested and lie mainly within resource-limited settings. Clarification of both misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis is required because those factors will amplify case estimates.
Topics: Humans; Bayes Theorem; Incidence; Africa; Asia; Brucellosis
PubMed: 37610167
DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.230052 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024consists of gram-negative bacteria that have the ability to invade and replicate in professional and non-professional phagocytes, and its prolonged persistence in the... (Review)
Review
consists of gram-negative bacteria that have the ability to invade and replicate in professional and non-professional phagocytes, and its prolonged persistence in the host leads to brucellosis, a serious zoonosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-known sensors of microorganisms implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. In particular, TLRs are transmembrane proteins with a typical structure of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region and an intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. In this review, we discuss infection and the aspects of host immune responses induced by pathogens. Furthermore, we summarize the roles of TLRs in infection, with substantial emphasis on the molecular insights into its mechanisms of action.
Topics: Humans; Toll-Like Receptors; Brucellosis; Brucella; Immunity, Innate
PubMed: 38533384
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1342684 -
Drug Discovery Today Dec 2023Brucellosis, a zoonotic intracellular bacterial infection primarily transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected animals, remains a... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis, a zoonotic intracellular bacterial infection primarily transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected animals, remains a challenging condition to clinically control. This is mainly because of the limited effectiveness of conventional antibiotics in targeting intracellular Brucella. Micro- and nanoformulations of antibiotics, whether used as a mono- or combination therapy, have the potential to reduce the antibiotic doses required and treatment duration. Extensive research has been conducted on various organic, semiorganic, and inorganic nanomaterials with different morphologies, such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanotubes, nanowires, and nanobelts. Metal/metal oxide, lipidic, polymeric, and carbonic NPs have been widely explored to overcome the limitations of traditional formulations. In this review, we discuss the advances and challenges of these novel formulations based on recent investigations.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucellosis
PubMed: 37923166
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103809 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023
PubMed: 37520004
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1245623 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023
PubMed: 37555063
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1255032