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Annals of Medicine 2023Brucellosis is a pervasive zoonotic disease caused by various species. It mainly affects livestock and wildlife and poses significant public health threats, especially... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a pervasive zoonotic disease caused by various species. It mainly affects livestock and wildlife and poses significant public health threats, especially in regions with suboptimal hygiene, food safety, and veterinary care standards. Human contractions occur by consuming contaminated animal products or interacting with infected animals. This study aims to provide an updated understanding of brucellosis, from its epidemiology and pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment strategies. It emphasizes the importance of ongoing research, knowledge exchange, and interdisciplinary collaboration for effective disease control and prevention, highlighting its global health implications. Pathogenesis involves intricate interactions between bacteria and the host immune system, resulting in chronic infections characterized by diverse clinical manifestations. The diagnostic process is arduous owing to non-specific symptomatology and sampling challenges, necessitating a fusion of clinical and laboratory evaluations, including blood cultures, serological assays, and molecular methods. Management typically entails multiple antibiotics, although the rise in antibiotic-resistant strains poses a problem. Animal vaccination is a potential strategy to curb the spread of infection, particularly within livestock populations. The study provides insights into the complex pathogenesis of brucellosis, the challenges in its diagnosis, and the management strategies involving antibiotic therapy and animal vaccination. It also highlights the emerging issue of antibiotic-resistant strains. In conclusion, brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease with implications for public health. Efforts should be directed towards improved diagnostic methods, antibiotic stewardship to combat antibiotic resistance, and developing and implementing effective animal vaccination programs. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing research are crucial for addressing the global health implications of brucellosis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Brucellosis; Zoonoses; Brucella; Animals, Wild; Livestock; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38165919
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2295398 -
The American Journal of Pathology Jun 2015This review of Brucella-host interactions and immunobiology discusses recent discoveries as the basis for pathogenesis-informed rationales to prevent or treat... (Review)
Review
This review of Brucella-host interactions and immunobiology discusses recent discoveries as the basis for pathogenesis-informed rationales to prevent or treat brucellosis. Brucella spp., as animal pathogens, cause human brucellosis, a zoonosis that results in worldwide economic losses, human morbidity, and poverty. Although Brucella spp. infect humans as an incidental host, 500,000 new human infections occur annually, and no patient-friendly treatments or approved human vaccines are reported. Brucellae display strong tissue tropism for lymphoreticular and reproductive systems with an intracellular lifestyle that limits exposure to innate and adaptive immune responses, sequesters the organism from the effects of antibiotics, and drives clinical disease manifestations and pathology. Stealthy brucellae exploit strategies to establish infection, including i) evasion of intracellular destruction by restricting fusion of type IV secretion system-dependent Brucella-containing vacuoles with lysosomal compartments, ii) inhibition of apoptosis of infected mononuclear cells, and iii) prevention of dendritic cell maturation, antigen presentation, and activation of naive T cells, pathogenesis lessons that may be informative for other intracellular pathogens. Data sets of next-generation sequences of Brucella and host time-series global expression fused with proteomics and metabolomics data from in vitro and in vivo experiments now inform interactive cellular pathways and gene regulatory networks enabling full-scale systems biology analysis. The newly identified effector proteins of Brucella may represent targets for improved, safer brucellosis vaccines and therapeutics.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans
PubMed: 25892682
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.003 -
BioMed Research International 2018. Brucellosis has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and it may last several days or even several years; however, it is often misdiagnosed and therefore may... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
. Brucellosis has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and it may last several days or even several years; however, it is often misdiagnosed and therefore may cause inadequate therapy and prolonged illness. Previous studies about meta-analysis of manifestations of brucellosis reported in English lacked the data published in Chinese, which did not provide details about the contact history, laboratory tests, and misdiagnosis. We undertake a meta-analysis of clinical manifestations of human brucellosis in China to identify those gaps in the literature. We have searched published articles in electronic databases up to December 2016 identified as relating to clinical features of human brucellosis in China. 68 studies were included in the analysis. The main clinical manifestations were fever, fatigue, arthralgia, and muscle pain (87%, 63%, 62%, and 56%, resp.). There are significant differences between adults and children. Rash, respiratory and cardiac complications, and orchitis/epididymitis were more prevalent in children patients. The common complications of brucellosis were hepatitis, followed by osteoarthritis, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system dysfunction, hemophagocytic syndrome, and orchitis/epididymitis in male. In the nonpastoral areas, brucellosis has a high ratio of misdiagnosis. Our analysis provides further evidence for the accurate diagnosis, particularly in assessing severe, debilitating sequelae of this infection.
Topics: Adult; Brucellosis; Child, Preschool; China; Diagnostic Errors; Geography; Humans; Incidence
PubMed: 29850535
DOI: 10.1155/2018/5712920 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023rucellosis is a common zoonotic disease that is widely spread worldwide and poses a major threat to human health. Clinically, it often presents with non-specific... (Review)
Review
rucellosis is a common zoonotic disease that is widely spread worldwide and poses a major threat to human health. Clinically, it often presents with non-specific symptoms such as fever, excessive sweating, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, loss of appetite, weight loss, and enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes. The disease has a long and recurrent course, often accumulating in multiple systems and organs. Of these, osteoarticular involvement is the most common complication, with a prevalence of approximately 2-77%, usually manifesting as spondylitis, sacroiliac arthritis and peripheral arthritis. Hepatosplenomegaly is seen in about 50% of patients with rucellosis, and gastrointestinal disturbances such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are common. Although respiratory involvement is less common, pneumonia, pleurisy, pleural effusion, and pulmonary nodules have been reported. Besides, approximately 2-20% of cases involve infections of the male genitourinary system, mainly manifesting as unilateral epididymal-orchitis and orchitis. The most serious complication facing rucellosis is cardiovascular involvement, and although the overall mortality rate of rucellosis is about 1% and the incidence of rucellosis endocarditis is less than 2%, more than 80% of deaths are associated with endocarditis. Furthermore, rucellosis is complicated by hematologic disease, with anemia occurring in approximately 20-53% of children during the acute phase. In addition, the neurological incidence of rucellosis is about 0.5-25%, mainly manifested as meningitis. In this study, we review the multisystem complications of brucellosis with the aim of improving early diagnosis, timely treatment and prevention of long-term complications.
Topics: Child; Humans; Male; Orchitis; Brucellosis; Pleural Effusion; Spondylarthritis; Endocarditis
PubMed: 37065189
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1136674 -
Acta Medica Portuguesa Dec 1999Brucellosis is a zoonosis, reported for the first time in 1859 by Marston, in Malta. It has also been referred to as Mediterranean Fever, Malta Fever and Bang's disease.... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a zoonosis, reported for the first time in 1859 by Marston, in Malta. It has also been referred to as Mediterranean Fever, Malta Fever and Bang's disease. Its causative agent was isolated by David Bruce in 1886; this was Brucella melitensis: five different strains were later described: B. abortus, B. suis, B. ovis, B. neotomae and B. canis. Recently, in 1994, the isolation of Brucella was reported in marine mammals, eventually pathogenic to man and unofficially designated "B. maris". Human brucellosis is still a public health problem in countries where the infection has not been eradicated from the animal hosts. When manifested, human disease may assume different courses, widely known, but whose physiopathology is still not totally clear. Much is already known about the agent's molecular biology and in vitro behaviour, but, doubts persist about its in vivo activity, including in human infection. We review some aspects of brucellosis, focusing on the pathogenesis, and referring to new and potential diagnostic methods, therapy and prevention.
Topics: Brucellosis; Humans
PubMed: 10892434
DOI: No ID Found -
Tuberkuloz Ve Toraks Mar 2020Brucellosis is widely distributed zoonotic infection. Brucellosis is a multisystemic disease but pulmonary infection due to brucellosis is very rarely reported. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Brucellosis is widely distributed zoonotic infection. Brucellosis is a multisystemic disease but pulmonary infection due to brucellosis is very rarely reported.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively evaluated our pediatric brucellosis cases between February 2014 and December 2015. The brucellosis patients with and without pulmonary infection were compared with each other.
RESULT
We detected pulmonary infection in 18 of the 98 brucellosis patients. There was no statistical significant difference between the brucellosis patients with and without a pulmonary infection as regards age, gender, and animal husbandry history. The laboratory findings including the Brucella Coombs agglutination titers were also similar. The most common chest X-ray findings were interstitial infiltration and hilar lymphadenopathy. All of our cases with pulmonary infection recovered with the usual anti-brucella treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
Brucellosis may cause a pulmonary infection more often than thought. The prognosis of respiratory brucellosis is good and the classic treatment regimen is appropriate.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Child; Coombs Test; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32718139
DOI: 10.5578/tt.69015 -
Acta Tropica Jan 2017Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and affecting domestic and wild mammals. In this paper, the bacteriological and... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and affecting domestic and wild mammals. In this paper, the bacteriological and serological evidence of brucellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and its epidemiological characteristics are discussed. The tools available for the diagnosis and treatment of human brucellosis and for the diagnosis and control of animal brucellosis and their applicability in the context of SSA are presented and gaps identified. These gaps concern mostly the need for simpler and more affordable antimicrobial treatments against human brucellosis, the development of a B. melitensis vaccine that could circumvent the drawbacks of the currently available Rev 1 vaccine, and the investigation of serological diagnostic tests for camel brucellosis and wildlife. Strategies for the implementation of animal vaccination are also discussed.
Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucella; Brucellosis; Geography; Humans; Serologic Tests; Vaccination
PubMed: 26551794
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.023 -
Journal of Travel Medicine 2004Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution that mainly affects persons working with domestic animals and animal products. Despite being controlled in... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution that mainly affects persons working with domestic animals and animal products. Despite being controlled in many developed countries, the disease remains endemic in many parts of the world, including Latin America, the Middle East, Spain, parts of Africa, and western Asia. The disease is mainly transmitted to humans through the ingestion of raw milk or non-pasteurized cheese contaminated with one of the four Brucella species pathogenic to humans. The clinical presentation can vary from asymptomatic infection with seroconversion to a full-blown clinical picture of fever, night sweats and joint manifestations; rarely, there is hepatic, cardiac, ocular or central nervous system involvement. Since travelers may be affected, travel health physicians need to know the clinical presentation of patients with brucellosis and preventive strategies.
Topics: Animals; Brucellosis; Disease Reservoirs; Food Microbiology; Global Health; Humans; Travel
PubMed: 14769288
DOI: 10.2310/7060.2004.13551 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases May 2020Brucellosis is a bacterial endemic zoonotic disease of global significance with detrimental impacts on public health and food animal production. It is caused by Brucella... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a bacterial endemic zoonotic disease of global significance with detrimental impacts on public health and food animal production. It is caused by Brucella spp., an expanding group of pathogens able to infect various host species. Bovines and small ruminants, which excrete the bacteria in milk and in reproductive discharges, are major sources of infection for humans and other animals. Contact with contaminated animals and consumption of unpasteurized dairy products are the main routes for human infection. In spite of the considerable progress of knowledge gained and success achieved in brucellosis control in the developed world, this disease continues to be an important burden in the Middle East (ME). Common risk factors implicated in the difficulty and complexity of brucellosis control within the region include (1) social and political instabilities; (2) insufficient resources and infrastructure for appropriate diagnosis, reporting, and implementation of control measures; (3) variation of livestock husbandry systems and their commingling with other livestock and wildlife; and (4) traditional cultural practices, including consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Development of core interdisciplinary competencies is required for a true One Health-based endeavor against the disease. National awareness and educational programs addressing all population sectors from consumers to decision-makers seem to be the next logical, sustainable, and economically viable approach toward improving disease status in this region. In the present review, we describe the current situation of brucellosis in the ME, focusing on the major limitations and shortcomings regarding disease control. We propose a regional approach toward public awareness of brucellosis as the first step in mitigating the disease and discuss the potential benefits, and components of such a strategy, which can further be used as a model for other endemic zoonotic diseases.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Humans; Livestock; Middle East; One Health; Zoonoses
PubMed: 32437346
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008071 -
Drug Discovery Today Dec 2023Brucellosis, a zoonotic intracellular bacterial infection primarily transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected animals, remains a... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis, a zoonotic intracellular bacterial infection primarily transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected animals, remains a challenging condition to clinically control. This is mainly because of the limited effectiveness of conventional antibiotics in targeting intracellular Brucella. Micro- and nanoformulations of antibiotics, whether used as a mono- or combination therapy, have the potential to reduce the antibiotic doses required and treatment duration. Extensive research has been conducted on various organic, semiorganic, and inorganic nanomaterials with different morphologies, such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanotubes, nanowires, and nanobelts. Metal/metal oxide, lipidic, polymeric, and carbonic NPs have been widely explored to overcome the limitations of traditional formulations. In this review, we discuss the advances and challenges of these novel formulations based on recent investigations.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucellosis
PubMed: 37923166
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103809