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Drug Resistance Updates : Reviews and... Sep 2016The genus Burkholderia comprises metabolically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacteria, which thrive in often adversarial environments. A few members of the genus... (Review)
Review
The genus Burkholderia comprises metabolically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacteria, which thrive in often adversarial environments. A few members of the genus are prominent opportunistic pathogens. These include Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei of the B. pseudomallei complex, which cause glanders and melioidosis, respectively. Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia vietnamiensis belong to the Burkholderia cepacia complex and affect mostly cystic fibrosis patients. Infections caused by these bacteria are difficult to treat because of significant antibiotic resistance. The first line of defense against antimicrobials in Burkholderia species is the outer membrane penetration barrier. Most Burkholderia contain a modified lipopolysaccharide that causes intrinsic polymyxin resistance. Contributing to reduced drug penetration are restrictive porin proteins. Efflux pumps of the resistance nodulation cell division family are major players in Burkholderia multidrug resistance. Third and fourth generation β-lactam antibiotics are seminal for treatment of Burkholderia infections, but therapeutic efficacy is compromised by expression of several β-lactamases and ceftazidime target mutations. Altered DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase targets cause fluoroquinolone and trimethoprim resistance, respectively. Although antibiotic resistance hampers therapy of Burkholderia infections, the characterization of resistance mechanisms lags behind other non-enteric Gram-negative pathogens, especially ESKAPE bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; DNA Gyrase; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, MDR; Glanders; Horses; Humans; Melioidosis; Porins; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase
PubMed: 27620956
DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.07.003 -
Cells Dec 2020The genus includes a wide range of Gram-negative bacterial species some of which are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. The most pathogenic species are , , and... (Review)
Review
The genus includes a wide range of Gram-negative bacterial species some of which are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. The most pathogenic species are , , and the members of the complex (Bcc). and , the cause of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, are considered potential bioweapons. The Bcc comprises a subset of species associated with respiratory infections in people with chronic granulomatous disease and cystic fibrosis. Antimicrobial treatment of infections is difficult due to the intrinsic multidrug antibiotic resistance of these bacteria; prophylactic vaccines provide an attractive alternative to counteract these infections. Although commercial vaccines against infections are still unavailable, substantial progress has been made over recent years in the development of vaccines against and . This review critically discusses the current advances in vaccine development against , and the Bcc.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Humans; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, DNA; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 33322641
DOI: 10.3390/cells9122671 -
Trends in Microbiology Jan 2024is a Gram negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that resides in the rhizosphere of tropical soils. causes melioidosis, which is transmitted by cutaneous entry,...
is a Gram negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that resides in the rhizosphere of tropical soils. causes melioidosis, which is transmitted by cutaneous entry, ingestion, or inhalation of contaminated soil or water. Infection with can cause a wide array of clinical symptoms such as pneumonia, bone, joint, skin, genitourinary, and central nervous system infections, as well as parotid abscesses in children. Mammalian virulence is linked to the intracellular life cycle, which begins with attachment and internalization by host cells. can infect a wide range of eukaryotic cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils, as well as nonphagocytic cells. Once internalized, a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) facilitates escape from the phagosome, and the bacteria replicate in the cytoplasm. Autotransporter protein BimA mediates actin polymerization, enabling to spread, cell to cell, using actin-based motility. This process, coupled with the activity of a type 6 secretion system (T6SS-5), results in host membrane fusion and the formation of multinucleated giant cells. Capsule polysaccharides also contribute to virulence and evasion of host innate immunity. Treatment of infections is complicated by the organism’s intrinsic resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials, largely due to an abundance of efflux pumps and reduced outer membrane permeability. While is commonly associated with endemic ‘hotspots’ in southeast Asia and northern Australia, there is increasing evidence that it is likely endemic in a large range of tropical and subtropical areas, including regions in Africa, South America, the Middle East, Central America, and the Caribbean. Soil and climate conditions favorable for survival are also found in additional areas worldwide. Consequently, it is important for clinical and public health laboratories located outside of high-endemicity areas to be aware of , as well as for improved diagnostic and reporting methods.
Topics: Burkholderia pseudomallei; Burkholderia
PubMed: 37634974
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.07.008 -
Current Protocols in Microbiology May 2017Burkholderia thailandensis is a Gram-negative bacterium endemic to Southeast Asian and northern Australian soils. It is non-pathogenic; therefore, it is commonly used as...
Burkholderia thailandensis is a Gram-negative bacterium endemic to Southeast Asian and northern Australian soils. It is non-pathogenic; therefore, it is commonly used as a model organism for the related human pathogens Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei. B. thailandensis is relatively easily genetically manipulated and a variety of robust genetic tools can be used in this organism. This unit describes protocols for conjugation, natural transformation, mini-Tn7 insertion, and allelic exchange in B. thailandensis. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Topics: Burkholderia; Gene Targeting; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Mutagenesis, Insertional
PubMed: 28510362
DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.27 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2017is a genus within the β that contains at least 90 validly named species which can be found in a diverse range of environments. A number of pathogenic species occur... (Review)
Review
is a genus within the β that contains at least 90 validly named species which can be found in a diverse range of environments. A number of pathogenic species occur within the genus. These include and , opportunistic pathogens that can infect the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis, and are members of the complex (Bcc). is also an opportunistic pathogen, but in contrast to Bcc species it causes the tropical human disease melioidosis, while its close relative is the causative agent of glanders in horses. For these pathogens to survive within a host and cause disease they must be able to acquire iron. This chemical element is essential for nearly all living organisms due to its important role in many enzymes and metabolic processes. In the mammalian host, the amount of accessible free iron is negligible due to the low solubility of the metal ion in its higher oxidation state and the tight binding of this element by host proteins such as ferritin and lactoferrin. As with other pathogenic bacteria, species have evolved an array of iron acquisition mechanisms with which to capture iron from the host environment. These mechanisms include the production and utilization of siderophores and the possession of a haem uptake system. Here, we summarize the known mechanisms of iron acquisition in pathogenic species and discuss the evidence for their importance in the context of virulence and the establishment of infection in the host. We have also carried out an extensive bioinformatic analysis to identify which siderophores are produced by each species that is pathogenic to humans.
Topics: Animals; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia gladioli; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Computational Biology; Cystic Fibrosis; Ferritins; Glanders; Heme; Horses; Humans; Iron; Lactoferrin; Lung; Melioidosis; Siderophores; Virulence
PubMed: 29164069
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00460 -
Microbiological Research Dec 2022The genus Burkholderia has proven potential in improving plant performance. In recent decades, a huge diversity of Burkholderia spp. have been reported with diverse... (Review)
Review
The genus Burkholderia has proven potential in improving plant performance. In recent decades, a huge diversity of Burkholderia spp. have been reported with diverse capabilities of plant symbiosis which could be harnessed to enhance plant growth and development. Colonization of endophytic Burkholderia spp. have been extensively studied through techniques like advanced microscopy, fluorescent labelling, PCR based assays, etc., and found to be systemically distributed in plants. Thus, use of these biostimulant microbes holds the promise of improving quality and quantity of crops. The endophytic Burkholderia spp. have been found to support plant functions along with boosting nutrient availability, especially under stress. Endophytic Burkholderia spp. improve plant survival against deadly pathogens via mechanisms like competition, induced systemic resistance, and antibiosis. At the same time, they are reported to extend plant tolerance towards multiple abiotic stresses especially drought, salinity, and cold. Several attempts have been made to decipher the potential of Burkholderia spp. by genome mining, and these bacteria have been found to harbour genes for plant symbiosis and for providing multiple benefits to host plants. Characteristics specific for host recognition and nutrient acquisition were confirmed in endophytic Burkholderia by genomics and proteomics-based studies. This could pave the way for harnessing Burkholderia spp. for biotechnological applications like biotransformation, phytoremediation, insecticidal activity, antimicrobials, etc. All these make Burkholderia spp. a promising microbial agent in improving plant performance under multiple adversities. Thus, the present review highlights critical roles of endophytic Burkholderia spp., their colonization, alleviation of biotic and abiotic stresses, biotechnological applications and genomic insights.
Topics: Burkholderia; Endophytes; Plant Development; Plants; Symbiosis
PubMed: 36167006
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127201 -
Pathogens and Disease Aug 2016The Gram-negative proteobacteria genus Burkholderia encompasses multiple bacterial species that are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. Two pathogenic species of... (Review)
Review
The Gram-negative proteobacteria genus Burkholderia encompasses multiple bacterial species that are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. Two pathogenic species of interest within this genus are Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm) and the B. cepacia complex (Bcc); the former is the causative agent of melioidosis in humans and other mammals, and the latter is associated with pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. One understudied and shared characteristic of these two pathogenic groups is their ability to persist and establish chronic infection within the host. In this review, we will explore the depth of knowledge about chronic infections caused by persistent Bpm and Bcc. We examine the host risk factors and immune responses associated with more severe chronic infections. We also discuss host adaptation and phenotypes associated with persistent Burkholderia species. Lastly, we survey how other intracellular bacteria associated with chronic infections are combatted and explore possible future applications to target Burkholderia Our goal is to highlight understudied areas that should be addressed for a more thorough understanding of chronic Burkholderia infections and how to combat them.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Chronic Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune System; Melioidosis; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 27440810
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw070 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Dec 2021Bacteria belonging to the Burkholderia genus are extremely versatile and diverse. They can be environmental isolates, opportunistic pathogens in cystic fibrosis,... (Review)
Review
Bacteria belonging to the Burkholderia genus are extremely versatile and diverse. They can be environmental isolates, opportunistic pathogens in cystic fibrosis, immunocompromised or chronic granulomatous disease patients, or cause disease in healthy people (e.g., Burkholderia pseudomallei) or animals (as in the case of Burkholderia mallei). Since the genus was separated from the Pseudomonas one in the 1990s, the methodological tools to study and characterize these bacteria are evolving fast. Here we reviewed the techniques used in the last few years to update the taxonomy of the genus, to study gene functions and regulations, to deepen the knowledge on the drug resistance which characterizes these bacteria, and to elucidate their mechanisms to establish infections. The availability of these tools significantly impacts the quality of research on Burkholderia and the choice of the most appropriated is fundamental for a precise characterization of the species of interest.Key points• Updated techniques to study the genus Burkholderia were reviewed.• Taxonomy, genomics, assays, and animal models were described.• A comprehensive overview on recent advances in Burkholderia studies was made.
Topics: Animals; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans
PubMed: 34755214
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11667-3 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery Jul 2021: The increasing threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens makes it imperative that new antibiotics to combat them are discovered. is a genus of Gram-negative,... (Review)
Review
: The increasing threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens makes it imperative that new antibiotics to combat them are discovered. is a genus of Gram-negative, non-sporulating bacteria. While ubiquitous and capable of growing within plants and groundwater, they are primarily soil-dwelling organisms. These include the more virulent forms of such as , and the complex (Bcc).: This review provides a synopsis of current research on the natural products isolated from the genus . The authors also cover the research on the drug discovery efforts that have been performed on the natural products derived from .: Though has a small number of pathogenic species, the majority of the genus is avirulent and almost all members of the genus are capable of producing useful antimicrobial products that could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutics against infectious diseases. The need for discovery of new antibiotics is urgent due to the ever-increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, coupled with the decline in the discovery of new antibiotics.
Topics: Biological Products; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Drug Discovery; Humans
PubMed: 33467922
DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1877655 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Dec 2019: Two important pathogenic species within the genus , namely () and (), are the causative agents of the life-threatening diseases melioidosis and glanders,... (Review)
Review
: Two important pathogenic species within the genus , namely () and (), are the causative agents of the life-threatening diseases melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Due to their high mortality rate and potential for aerosolization, they have gained interest as potential biothreat agents and are classified as Tier 1 Select Agents.: The manuscript provides an overview of the literature covering the efforts taken in the last 10 years to develop new therapeutics measures against both and , with attention on novel therapeutic agents.: As a result of the complicated antibiotic regimens necessary to treat these infections, development of novel therapeutics is needed to treat both diseases. In recent years, the understanding of the pathogenesis of has improved significantly and so have the efforts to develop novel therapeutic agents with high efficacy, either alone, or in combination with conventional antibiotics.
Topics: Animals; Biological Products; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Glanders; Humans; Melioidosis
PubMed: 31590578
DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1677602