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Drug Resistance Updates : Reviews and... Sep 2016The genus Burkholderia comprises metabolically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacteria, which thrive in often adversarial environments. A few members of the genus... (Review)
Review
The genus Burkholderia comprises metabolically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacteria, which thrive in often adversarial environments. A few members of the genus are prominent opportunistic pathogens. These include Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei of the B. pseudomallei complex, which cause glanders and melioidosis, respectively. Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia vietnamiensis belong to the Burkholderia cepacia complex and affect mostly cystic fibrosis patients. Infections caused by these bacteria are difficult to treat because of significant antibiotic resistance. The first line of defense against antimicrobials in Burkholderia species is the outer membrane penetration barrier. Most Burkholderia contain a modified lipopolysaccharide that causes intrinsic polymyxin resistance. Contributing to reduced drug penetration are restrictive porin proteins. Efflux pumps of the resistance nodulation cell division family are major players in Burkholderia multidrug resistance. Third and fourth generation β-lactam antibiotics are seminal for treatment of Burkholderia infections, but therapeutic efficacy is compromised by expression of several β-lactamases and ceftazidime target mutations. Altered DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase targets cause fluoroquinolone and trimethoprim resistance, respectively. Although antibiotic resistance hampers therapy of Burkholderia infections, the characterization of resistance mechanisms lags behind other non-enteric Gram-negative pathogens, especially ESKAPE bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; DNA Gyrase; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, MDR; Glanders; Horses; Humans; Melioidosis; Porins; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase
PubMed: 27620956
DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.07.003 -
Trends in Microbiology Jan 2024is a Gram negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that resides in the rhizosphere of tropical soils. causes melioidosis, which is transmitted by cutaneous entry,...
is a Gram negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that resides in the rhizosphere of tropical soils. causes melioidosis, which is transmitted by cutaneous entry, ingestion, or inhalation of contaminated soil or water. Infection with can cause a wide array of clinical symptoms such as pneumonia, bone, joint, skin, genitourinary, and central nervous system infections, as well as parotid abscesses in children. Mammalian virulence is linked to the intracellular life cycle, which begins with attachment and internalization by host cells. can infect a wide range of eukaryotic cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils, as well as nonphagocytic cells. Once internalized, a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) facilitates escape from the phagosome, and the bacteria replicate in the cytoplasm. Autotransporter protein BimA mediates actin polymerization, enabling to spread, cell to cell, using actin-based motility. This process, coupled with the activity of a type 6 secretion system (T6SS-5), results in host membrane fusion and the formation of multinucleated giant cells. Capsule polysaccharides also contribute to virulence and evasion of host innate immunity. Treatment of infections is complicated by the organism’s intrinsic resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials, largely due to an abundance of efflux pumps and reduced outer membrane permeability. While is commonly associated with endemic ‘hotspots’ in southeast Asia and northern Australia, there is increasing evidence that it is likely endemic in a large range of tropical and subtropical areas, including regions in Africa, South America, the Middle East, Central America, and the Caribbean. Soil and climate conditions favorable for survival are also found in additional areas worldwide. Consequently, it is important for clinical and public health laboratories located outside of high-endemicity areas to be aware of , as well as for improved diagnostic and reporting methods.
Topics: Burkholderia pseudomallei; Burkholderia
PubMed: 37634974
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.07.008 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2017is a genus within the β that contains at least 90 validly named species which can be found in a diverse range of environments. A number of pathogenic species occur... (Review)
Review
is a genus within the β that contains at least 90 validly named species which can be found in a diverse range of environments. A number of pathogenic species occur within the genus. These include and , opportunistic pathogens that can infect the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis, and are members of the complex (Bcc). is also an opportunistic pathogen, but in contrast to Bcc species it causes the tropical human disease melioidosis, while its close relative is the causative agent of glanders in horses. For these pathogens to survive within a host and cause disease they must be able to acquire iron. This chemical element is essential for nearly all living organisms due to its important role in many enzymes and metabolic processes. In the mammalian host, the amount of accessible free iron is negligible due to the low solubility of the metal ion in its higher oxidation state and the tight binding of this element by host proteins such as ferritin and lactoferrin. As with other pathogenic bacteria, species have evolved an array of iron acquisition mechanisms with which to capture iron from the host environment. These mechanisms include the production and utilization of siderophores and the possession of a haem uptake system. Here, we summarize the known mechanisms of iron acquisition in pathogenic species and discuss the evidence for their importance in the context of virulence and the establishment of infection in the host. We have also carried out an extensive bioinformatic analysis to identify which siderophores are produced by each species that is pathogenic to humans.
Topics: Animals; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia gladioli; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Computational Biology; Cystic Fibrosis; Ferritins; Glanders; Heme; Horses; Humans; Iron; Lactoferrin; Lung; Melioidosis; Siderophores; Virulence
PubMed: 29164069
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00460 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2018The members of the genus are characterized by high versatility and adaptability to various ecological niches. With the availability of the genome sequences of numerous... (Review)
Review
The members of the genus are characterized by high versatility and adaptability to various ecological niches. With the availability of the genome sequences of numerous species of , many studies have been conducted to elucidate the unique features of this exceptional group of bacteria. Genomic and metabolic plasticity are common among species, as evidenced by their relatively large multi-replicon genomes that are rich in insertion sequences and genomic islands and contain a high proportion of coding regions. Such unique features could explain their adaptability to various habitats and their versatile lifestyles, which are reflected in a multiplicity of species including free-living rhizospheric bacteria, plant endosymbionts, legume nodulators, and plant pathogens. The phytopathogenic group encompasses several pathogens representing threats to important agriculture crops such as rice. Contrarily, plant-beneficial have also been reported, which have symbiotic and growth-promoting roles. In this review, the taxonomy of is discussed emphasizing the recent updates and the contributions of genomic studies to precise taxonomic positioning. Moreover, genomic and functional studies on are reviewed and insights are provided into the mechanisms underlying the virulence and benevolence of phytopathogenic and plant-beneficial , respectively, on the basis of cutting-edge knowledge.
Topics: Burkholderia; Crops, Agricultural; Genome, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Phylogeny; Symbiosis
PubMed: 30598000
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010121 -
Microbiological Research Dec 2022The genus Burkholderia has proven potential in improving plant performance. In recent decades, a huge diversity of Burkholderia spp. have been reported with diverse... (Review)
Review
The genus Burkholderia has proven potential in improving plant performance. In recent decades, a huge diversity of Burkholderia spp. have been reported with diverse capabilities of plant symbiosis which could be harnessed to enhance plant growth and development. Colonization of endophytic Burkholderia spp. have been extensively studied through techniques like advanced microscopy, fluorescent labelling, PCR based assays, etc., and found to be systemically distributed in plants. Thus, use of these biostimulant microbes holds the promise of improving quality and quantity of crops. The endophytic Burkholderia spp. have been found to support plant functions along with boosting nutrient availability, especially under stress. Endophytic Burkholderia spp. improve plant survival against deadly pathogens via mechanisms like competition, induced systemic resistance, and antibiosis. At the same time, they are reported to extend plant tolerance towards multiple abiotic stresses especially drought, salinity, and cold. Several attempts have been made to decipher the potential of Burkholderia spp. by genome mining, and these bacteria have been found to harbour genes for plant symbiosis and for providing multiple benefits to host plants. Characteristics specific for host recognition and nutrient acquisition were confirmed in endophytic Burkholderia by genomics and proteomics-based studies. This could pave the way for harnessing Burkholderia spp. for biotechnological applications like biotransformation, phytoremediation, insecticidal activity, antimicrobials, etc. All these make Burkholderia spp. a promising microbial agent in improving plant performance under multiple adversities. Thus, the present review highlights critical roles of endophytic Burkholderia spp., their colonization, alleviation of biotic and abiotic stresses, biotechnological applications and genomic insights.
Topics: Burkholderia; Endophytes; Plant Development; Plants; Symbiosis
PubMed: 36167006
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127201 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021The genus contains over 80 different Gram-negative species including both plant and human pathogens, the latter of which can be classified into one of two groups: the... (Review)
Review
The genus contains over 80 different Gram-negative species including both plant and human pathogens, the latter of which can be classified into one of two groups: the complex (Bpc) or the complex (Bcc). Bpc pathogens and are highly virulent, and both have considerable potential for use as Tier 1 bioterrorism agents; thus there is great interest in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections. While Bcc pathogens , , and are not considered bioterror threats, the incredible impact these infections have on the cystic fibrosis community inspires a similar demand for vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections as well. Understanding how these pathogens interact with and evade the host immune system will help uncover novel therapeutic targets within these organisms. Given the important role of the complement system in the clearance of bacterial pathogens, this arm of the immune response must be efficiently evaded for successful infection to occur. In this review, we will introduce the species to be discussed, followed by a summary of the complement system and known mechanisms by which pathogens interact with this critical system to evade clearance within the host. We will conclude with a review of literature relating to the interactions between the herein discussed species and the host complement system, with the goal of highlighting areas in this field that warrant further investigation.
Topics: Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Complement System Proteins; Humans; Immune Evasion; Melioidosis
PubMed: 34660335
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.701362 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Oct 2022Bacterial natural products (NPs) retain high value in discovery efforts for applications in medicine and agriculture. Burkholderia β-Proteobacteria are a promising... (Review)
Review
Bacterial natural products (NPs) retain high value in discovery efforts for applications in medicine and agriculture. Burkholderia β-Proteobacteria are a promising source of NPs. In this review, we summarize the recently developed genetic manipulation techniques used to access silent/cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters from Burkholderia native producers. We also discuss the development of Burkholderia bacteria as heterologous hosts and the application of Burkholderia in industrial-scale production of NPs. Genetic engineering and fermentation media optimization have enabled the industrial-scale production of at least two Burkholderia NPs. The biotechnology approaches discussed here will continue to facilitate the discovery and development of NPs from Burkholderia.
Topics: Biological Products; Biosynthetic Pathways; Biotechnology; Burkholderia; Multigene Family
PubMed: 36049254
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102782 -
Pathogens and Disease Aug 2016The Gram-negative proteobacteria genus Burkholderia encompasses multiple bacterial species that are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. Two pathogenic species of... (Review)
Review
The Gram-negative proteobacteria genus Burkholderia encompasses multiple bacterial species that are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. Two pathogenic species of interest within this genus are Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm) and the B. cepacia complex (Bcc); the former is the causative agent of melioidosis in humans and other mammals, and the latter is associated with pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. One understudied and shared characteristic of these two pathogenic groups is their ability to persist and establish chronic infection within the host. In this review, we will explore the depth of knowledge about chronic infections caused by persistent Bpm and Bcc. We examine the host risk factors and immune responses associated with more severe chronic infections. We also discuss host adaptation and phenotypes associated with persistent Burkholderia species. Lastly, we survey how other intracellular bacteria associated with chronic infections are combatted and explore possible future applications to target Burkholderia Our goal is to highlight understudied areas that should be addressed for a more thorough understanding of chronic Burkholderia infections and how to combat them.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Chronic Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune System; Melioidosis; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 27440810
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw070 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery Jul 2021: The increasing threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens makes it imperative that new antibiotics to combat them are discovered. is a genus of Gram-negative,... (Review)
Review
: The increasing threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens makes it imperative that new antibiotics to combat them are discovered. is a genus of Gram-negative, non-sporulating bacteria. While ubiquitous and capable of growing within plants and groundwater, they are primarily soil-dwelling organisms. These include the more virulent forms of such as , and the complex (Bcc).: This review provides a synopsis of current research on the natural products isolated from the genus . The authors also cover the research on the drug discovery efforts that have been performed on the natural products derived from .: Though has a small number of pathogenic species, the majority of the genus is avirulent and almost all members of the genus are capable of producing useful antimicrobial products that could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutics against infectious diseases. The need for discovery of new antibiotics is urgent due to the ever-increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, coupled with the decline in the discovery of new antibiotics.
Topics: Biological Products; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Drug Discovery; Humans
PubMed: 33467922
DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1877655 -
Journal of Natural Products Jul 2019bacteria are multifaceted organisms that are ecologically and metabolically diverse. The genus has gained prominence because it includes human pathogens; however, many...
bacteria are multifaceted organisms that are ecologically and metabolically diverse. The genus has gained prominence because it includes human pathogens; however, many strains are nonpathogenic and have desirable characteristics such as beneficial plant associations and degradation of pollutants. The diversity of the genus is reflected within the large genomes that feature multiple replicons. genomes encode a plethora of natural products with potential therapeutic relevance and biotechnological applications. This review highlights as an emerging source of natural products. An overview of the taxonomy of the genus, which is currently being revised, is provided. We then present a curated compilation of natural products isolated from sensu lato and analyze their characteristics in terms of biosynthetic class, discovery method, and bioactivity. Finally, we describe and discuss genome characteristics and highlight the biosynthesis of a select number of natural products that are encoded in unusual biosynthetic gene clusters. The availability of >1000 genomes in public databases provides an opportunity to realize the genetic potential of this underexplored taxon for natural product discovery.
Topics: Biological Products; Burkholderia; Genes, Bacterial
PubMed: 31294966
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b01068