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Critical Reviews in Microbiology Mar 2022Species of are highly versatile being found not only abundantly in soil, but also as plants and animals' commensals or pathogens. Their complex multireplicon genomes... (Review)
Review
Species of are highly versatile being found not only abundantly in soil, but also as plants and animals' commensals or pathogens. Their complex multireplicon genomes harbour an impressive number of polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide-synthetase (NRPS) genes coding for the production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites (SMs), which have been successfully deciphered by genome-guided tools. Moreover, genome metrics supported the split of this genus into (s.s.) and five new other genera. Here, we show that the successful antimicrobial SMs producers belong to s.s. Additionally, we reviewed the occurrence, bioactivities, modes of action, structural, and biosynthetic information of thirty-eight antimicrobial SMs shedding light on their diversity, complexity, and uniqueness as well as the importance of genome-guided strategies to facilitate their discovery. Several NRPS and PKS display unusual features, which are reflected in their structural diversity, important bioactivities, and varied modes of action. Up to now, it is possible to observe a general tendency of SMs being more active against fungi. Although the modes of action and biosynthetic gene clusters of many SMs remain unknown, we highlight the potential of SMs as alternatives to fight against new diseases and antibiotic resistance.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Burkholderia; Genomics; Multigene Family; Polyketide Synthases; Secondary Metabolism
PubMed: 34346791
DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2021.1946009 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Dec 2021Bacteria belonging to the Burkholderia genus are extremely versatile and diverse. They can be environmental isolates, opportunistic pathogens in cystic fibrosis,... (Review)
Review
Bacteria belonging to the Burkholderia genus are extremely versatile and diverse. They can be environmental isolates, opportunistic pathogens in cystic fibrosis, immunocompromised or chronic granulomatous disease patients, or cause disease in healthy people (e.g., Burkholderia pseudomallei) or animals (as in the case of Burkholderia mallei). Since the genus was separated from the Pseudomonas one in the 1990s, the methodological tools to study and characterize these bacteria are evolving fast. Here we reviewed the techniques used in the last few years to update the taxonomy of the genus, to study gene functions and regulations, to deepen the knowledge on the drug resistance which characterizes these bacteria, and to elucidate their mechanisms to establish infections. The availability of these tools significantly impacts the quality of research on Burkholderia and the choice of the most appropriated is fundamental for a precise characterization of the species of interest.Key points• Updated techniques to study the genus Burkholderia were reviewed.• Taxonomy, genomics, assays, and animal models were described.• A comprehensive overview on recent advances in Burkholderia studies was made.
Topics: Animals; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans
PubMed: 34755214
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11667-3 -
Journal of Natural Products Jul 2019bacteria are multifaceted organisms that are ecologically and metabolically diverse. The genus has gained prominence because it includes human pathogens; however, many...
bacteria are multifaceted organisms that are ecologically and metabolically diverse. The genus has gained prominence because it includes human pathogens; however, many strains are nonpathogenic and have desirable characteristics such as beneficial plant associations and degradation of pollutants. The diversity of the genus is reflected within the large genomes that feature multiple replicons. genomes encode a plethora of natural products with potential therapeutic relevance and biotechnological applications. This review highlights as an emerging source of natural products. An overview of the taxonomy of the genus, which is currently being revised, is provided. We then present a curated compilation of natural products isolated from sensu lato and analyze their characteristics in terms of biosynthetic class, discovery method, and bioactivity. Finally, we describe and discuss genome characteristics and highlight the biosynthesis of a select number of natural products that are encoded in unusual biosynthetic gene clusters. The availability of >1000 genomes in public databases provides an opportunity to realize the genetic potential of this underexplored taxon for natural product discovery.
Topics: Biological Products; Burkholderia; Genes, Bacterial
PubMed: 31294966
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b01068 -
Secondary metabolites from the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex: structure, ecology, and evolution.Journal of Industrial Microbiology &... Oct 2020Bacterial secondary metabolites play important roles in promoting survival, though few have been carefully studied in their natural context. Numerous gene clusters code... (Review)
Review
Bacterial secondary metabolites play important roles in promoting survival, though few have been carefully studied in their natural context. Numerous gene clusters code for secondary metabolites in the genomes of members of the Bptm group, made up of three closely related species with distinctly different lifestyles: the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, the non-pathogenic saprophyte Burkholderia thailandensis, and the host-adapted pathogen Burkholderia mallei. Several biosynthetic gene clusters are conserved across two or all three species, and this provides an opportunity to understand how the corresponding secondary metabolites contribute to survival in different contexts in nature. In this review, we discuss three secondary metabolites from the Bptm group: bactobolin, malleilactone (and malleicyprol), and the 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-alkylquinolines, providing an overview of each of their biosynthetic pathways and insight into their potential ecological roles. Results of studies on these secondary metabolites provide a window into how secondary metabolites contribute to bacterial survival in different environments, from host infections to polymicrobial soil communities.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Burkholderia; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Lactones; Multigene Family
PubMed: 33052546
DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02317-0 -
Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont,... Jan 2020is a member of the complex whose members are inherently resistant to many antibiotics and can cause chronic lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. A...
is a member of the complex whose members are inherently resistant to many antibiotics and can cause chronic lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. A possible treatment for chronic infections arises from the existence of collateral sensitivity (CS)-acquired resistance to a treatment antibiotic results in a decreased resistance to a nontreatment antibiotic. Determining CS patterns for bacteria involved in chronic infections may lead to sustainable treatment regimens that reduce development of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. CS has been found to occur in , , and . Here, we report that exhibits antibiotic CS, as well as cross-resistance (CR), describe CS and CR networks for six antibiotics (ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, meropenem, minocycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), and identify candidate genes involved in CS. Characterization of CS and CR patterns allows antibiotics to be separated into two clusters based on the treatment drug to which the evolved strain developed primary resistance, suggesting an antibiotic therapy strategy of switching between members of these two clusters.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Drug Collateral Sensitivity; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans
PubMed: 31393205
DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0202 -
Infection and Immunity Jun 2020The regulation and timely expression of bacterial genes during infection is critical for a pathogen to cause an infection. Bacteria have multiple mechanisms to regulate... (Review)
Review
The regulation and timely expression of bacterial genes during infection is critical for a pathogen to cause an infection. Bacteria have multiple mechanisms to regulate gene expression in response to their environment, one of which is two-component systems (TCS). TCS have two components. One component is a sensory histidine kinase (HK) that autophosphorylates when activated by a signal. The activated sensory histidine kinase then transfers the phosphoryl group to the second component, the response regulator, which activates transcription of target genes. The genus contains members that cause human disease and are often extensively resistant to many antibiotics. The complex (BCC) can cause severe lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). BCC members have also recently been associated with several outbreaks of bacteremia from contaminated pharmaceutical products. Separate from the BCC is , which is the causative agent of melioidosis, a serious disease that occurs in the tropics, and a potential bioterrorism weapon. Bioinformatic analysis of sequenced isolates predicts that most strains have at least 40 TCS. The vast majority of these TCS are uncharacterized both in terms of the signals that activate them and the genes that are regulated by them. This review will highlight TCS that have been described to play a role in virulence in either the BCC or Since many of these TCS are involved in virulence, TCS are potential novel therapeutic targets, and elucidating their function is critical for understanding pathogenesis.
Topics: Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia cepacia complex; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Signal Transduction; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32284365
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00927-19 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2017is a genus within the β that contains at least 90 validly named species which can be found in a diverse range of environments. A number of pathogenic species occur... (Review)
Review
is a genus within the β that contains at least 90 validly named species which can be found in a diverse range of environments. A number of pathogenic species occur within the genus. These include and , opportunistic pathogens that can infect the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis, and are members of the complex (Bcc). is also an opportunistic pathogen, but in contrast to Bcc species it causes the tropical human disease melioidosis, while its close relative is the causative agent of glanders in horses. For these pathogens to survive within a host and cause disease they must be able to acquire iron. This chemical element is essential for nearly all living organisms due to its important role in many enzymes and metabolic processes. In the mammalian host, the amount of accessible free iron is negligible due to the low solubility of the metal ion in its higher oxidation state and the tight binding of this element by host proteins such as ferritin and lactoferrin. As with other pathogenic bacteria, species have evolved an array of iron acquisition mechanisms with which to capture iron from the host environment. These mechanisms include the production and utilization of siderophores and the possession of a haem uptake system. Here, we summarize the known mechanisms of iron acquisition in pathogenic species and discuss the evidence for their importance in the context of virulence and the establishment of infection in the host. We have also carried out an extensive bioinformatic analysis to identify which siderophores are produced by each species that is pathogenic to humans.
Topics: Animals; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia gladioli; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Computational Biology; Cystic Fibrosis; Ferritins; Glanders; Heme; Horses; Humans; Iron; Lactoferrin; Lung; Melioidosis; Siderophores; Virulence
PubMed: 29164069
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00460 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Due to the increase in multidrug-resistant microorganisms, the investigation of novel or more efficient antimicrobial compounds is essential. The World Health... (Review)
Review
Due to the increase in multidrug-resistant microorganisms, the investigation of novel or more efficient antimicrobial compounds is essential. The World Health Organization issued a list of priority multidrug-resistant bacteria whose eradication will require new antibiotics. Among them, , and Enterobacteriaceae are in the "critical" (most urgent) category. As a result, major investigations are ongoing worldwide to discover new antimicrobial compounds. , specifically sensu stricto, is recognized as an antimicrobial-producing group of species. Highly dissimilar compounds are among the molecules produced by this genus, such as those that are unique to a particular strain (like compound CF66I produced by CF-66) or antimicrobials found in a number of species, e.g., phenazines or ornibactins. The compounds produced by include N-containing heterocycles, volatile organic compounds, polyenes, polyynes, siderophores, macrolides, bacteriocins, quinolones, and other not classified antimicrobials. Some of them might be candidates not only for antimicrobials for both bacteria and fungi, but also as anticancer or antitumor agents. Therefore, in this review, the wide range of antimicrobial compounds produced by is explored, focusing especially on those compounds that were tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity. In addition, information was gathered regarding novel compounds discovered by genome-guided approaches.
Topics: Burkholderia; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burkholderia cepacia; Bacteriocins
PubMed: 36838633
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041646 -
Molecular Plant Pathology May 2011Burkholderia glumae causes bacterial panicle blight of rice, which is an increasingly important disease problem in global rice production. Toxoflavin and lipase are... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Burkholderia glumae causes bacterial panicle blight of rice, which is an increasingly important disease problem in global rice production. Toxoflavin and lipase are known to be major virulence factors of this pathogen, and their production is dependent on the TofI/TofR quorum-sensing system, which is mediated by N-octanoyl homoserine lactone. Flagellar biogenesis and a type III secretion system are also required for full virulence of B. glumae. Bacterial panicle blight is thought to be caused by seed-borne B. glumae; however, its disease cycle is not fully understood. In spite of its economic importance, neither effective control measures for bacterial panicle blight nor rice varieties showing complete resistance to the disease are currently available. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying B. glumae virulence and of the rice defence mechanisms against the pathogen would lead to the development of better methods of disease control for bacterial panicle blight.
TAXONOMY
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Burkholderiaceae; Burkholderia.
MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Gram-negative, capsulated, motile, lophotrichous flagella, pectolytic.
DISEASE SYMPTOMS
Aborted seed, empty grains as a result of failure of grain filling, brown spots on panicles, seedling rot.
DISEASE CONTROL
Seed sterilization, planting partially resistant lines (no completely resistant line is available). KNOWN VIRULENCE FACTORS: Toxoflavin, lipase, type III effectors.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Burkholderia; Oryza; Virulence
PubMed: 21453428
DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00676.x -
Pathogens and Disease Aug 2016The Gram-negative proteobacteria genus Burkholderia encompasses multiple bacterial species that are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. Two pathogenic species of... (Review)
Review
The Gram-negative proteobacteria genus Burkholderia encompasses multiple bacterial species that are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. Two pathogenic species of interest within this genus are Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm) and the B. cepacia complex (Bcc); the former is the causative agent of melioidosis in humans and other mammals, and the latter is associated with pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. One understudied and shared characteristic of these two pathogenic groups is their ability to persist and establish chronic infection within the host. In this review, we will explore the depth of knowledge about chronic infections caused by persistent Bpm and Bcc. We examine the host risk factors and immune responses associated with more severe chronic infections. We also discuss host adaptation and phenotypes associated with persistent Burkholderia species. Lastly, we survey how other intracellular bacteria associated with chronic infections are combatted and explore possible future applications to target Burkholderia Our goal is to highlight understudied areas that should be addressed for a more thorough understanding of chronic Burkholderia infections and how to combat them.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Chronic Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune System; Melioidosis; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 27440810
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw070