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Poultry Science Nov 2020Exogenous phytase supplementation increases P and Ca availability to allow for the dietary reductions without negative consequences on productivity or skeletal health....
Effects of dietary calcium and available phosphorus levels and phytase supplementation on performance, bone mineral density, and serum biochemical bone markers in aged white egg-laying hens.
Exogenous phytase supplementation increases P and Ca availability to allow for the dietary reductions without negative consequences on productivity or skeletal health. Effects of a Buttiauxella sp. phytase (BSP) supplemented in available P (avP)-reduced and Ca-reduced diets on performance, BW, eggshell quality, serum biochemical bone markers, and bone densitometry were evaluated in egg-laying hens from 68 to 78 wk of age. One hundred hens were fed 1 of 5 diets (n = 20/treatment), including a positive control (PC) with 0.35% avP and 3.5% Ca, and the PC moderately reduced in avP and Ca levels by 0.187 and 0.159% of the diet (by 53 and 4.5%), respectively, (NC1) or severely reduced by 0.231 and 0.275% of the diet (by 66 and 7.9%), respectively, (NC2). Other diets were the NC1 or NC2 supplemented with BSP at 600 FTU/kg (NC1 + BSP or NC2 + BSP, respectively). Egg production and feed conversion ratio were maintained by NC1 but were 11.9% lower and 12.3% higher, respectively, with the NC2 than the PC, which was alleviated by supplemental BSP. Diet effects on FI and eggshell quality followed a similar pattern. Body weight was 2.9% lower for NC1, and 6.1% for NC2 than the PC; BSP alleviated the decreased BW. Serum pyridinoline (bone resorption marker) was 20 to 27% higher in NC2 hens than in the other groups, with no effects on other bone markers. Total and trabecular space bone mineral density in the proximal metaphysis were 8.4 and 15.2% lower for NC1, respectively, and 12.1 and 26.7% lower for NC2, respectively, than PC. Supplemental BSP completely alleviated the decreased bone densitometry measures in NC1, but only partially in NC2. The NC1 hens maintained performance but had decreased BW and bone quality; phytase supplementation restored productivity, BW, and bone quality. The Ca and avP deficiencies in the NC2 hens relative to other groups were partially alleviated by the 600 FTU/kg BSP.
Topics: 6-Phytase; Animal Feed; Animals; Bone Density; Calcium, Dietary; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Egg Shell; Female; Phosphorus, Dietary
PubMed: 33142497
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.082 -
Animal Nutrition (Zhongguo Xu Mu Shou... Dec 2018The objective of this study was to test if a novel phytase from sp. can replace all added inorganic phosphate in a diet with reduced Ca and metabolizable energy (ME)...
The objective of this study was to test if a novel phytase from sp. can replace all added inorganic phosphate in a diet with reduced Ca and metabolizable energy (ME) fed to commercial pigs from 12 kg body weight (BW) until slaughter, whilst maintaining performance and carcass quality parameters. Four dietary treatments were tested in a completely randomized design with 9 replicate pens, each containing 31 mixed sex Newsham Choice pigs. Diets included a positive control (PC) based on corn, soybean meal, wheat middling and bakery meal, meeting all nutrient requirement of pigs; a negative control (NC) excluded inorganic phosphate and with reduced Ca (-0.13%) and ME (-0.15 MJ/kg); and NC supplemented with phytase at 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg feed. Diets were fed in mash form in 5 phases: starter (12 to 25 kg BW), grower 1 (25 to 50 kg BW) and 2 (50 to 75 kg BW), and finisher 1 (75 to 100 kg BW) and 2 (100 kg BW to slaughter). The NC group showed lower ( < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) in starter and grower phases, lower gain to feed ratio (G:F) in starter and grower 1 compared with PC. Pigs receiving the high dose of phytase of 1,000 FTU/kg had improved performance vs. the 500 FTU/kg phytase treatment in starter and grower 1 phase compared with the PC in grower 1 phase. Increasing phytase dose resulted in a linear increase in ADG (12 to 120 kg BW) and G:F (50 to 75 kg BW). A comparison of treatment groups over the full production period from 12 kg BW until slaughter showed that both 500 and 1,000 FTU/kg phytase treatments were able to maintain growth performance and carcass characteristics compared with PC. The application of phytase could therefore be used as an effective strategy to replace all inorganic phosphate in diets of pigs fed corn, soybean meal, wheat middling and bakery meal based diets from 12 kg BW. An economic analysis showed greater return from both phytase treatments vs. the PC and favored the higher phytase dose at 1,000 FTU/kg vs. the traditional dose of 500 FTU/kg. The latter was mainly related to the improved performance of the higher dose in younger pigs to 75 kg BW.
PubMed: 30564754
DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.02.002 -
Interactions of semiconductor Cd-based quantum dots and Cd with gut bacteria isolated from wild fry.PeerJ 2022With the rapid development of nanotechnology, more and more nanoproducts are being released into the environment where they may both pose ecological risks and be toxic...
BACKGROUND
With the rapid development of nanotechnology, more and more nanoproducts are being released into the environment where they may both pose ecological risks and be toxic to living organisms. The ecotoxicological impact of quantum dots (QDs), a class of nanoparticles (NPs), on aquatic organisms is becoming an emerging issue, this due to their nano-specific properties, to the physico-chemical transformation in the environment and to the possible release of toxic metals from their structure such as Cd.
METHODS
In this work, (i) spectroscopic measurements of commercially available Cd-based QDs (CdSe/ZnS-COOH) were made at various pH values (5.0 and 7.0) to study their interactions (at a concentration of 4 nm) with various strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative gut bacteria after short-term exposure and (ii) the antibacterial efficacy of QDs and Cd (at a concentration 0.09-3.56 mM) against gut bacteria isolated from wild freshwater fry was studied at different temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C) and pH values (5.0 and 7.0) by applying a well-established disc diffusion assay.
RESULTS
Twenty-six gut bacterial isolates from wild fry were identified as spp., , , , , sp., sp., sp., and sp. Cd-based (CdSe/ZnS-COOH) QDs at a concentration of 4 nm were found to be stable in aqueous media (with pH 7.0) or starting to form aggregates (at pH 5.0), thus, apparently, did not release heavy metals (HMs) into the media over 48 h in conditions of light or dark and did not show antibacterial efficacy on the gut bacteria isolated from wild fry after short-term (9 h and 48 h) incubations. Cd was found to produce significant dose-dependent toxic effects on bacterial growth, and the size of the inhibition zones on some of the tested strains significantly correlated with temperature. The most sensitive and the most resistant to Cd were the Gram-positive bacteria, for which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Cd were 0.09-0.27 mM and 3.11-3.29 mM respectively and varied significantly between the tested temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C). The MIC values of Cd for the Gram-negative bacteria (18 out of 22 strains) ranged from 0.44 to 0.71 mM and did not differ significantly between the tested temperatures. Among the selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, those with the higher sensitivity towards Cd also revealed relatively stronger signals of QDs photoluminescence (PL) when transferred after incubation into fresh medium without QDs. In addition, the formation of endogenous metalloporphyrins observed spectroscopically in some bacterial strains indicates certain differences in metabolic activity that may play a protective role against potential oxidative damage.
Topics: Quantum Dots; Cadmium; Bacteria; Semiconductors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gram-Negative Bacteria
PubMed: 36128199
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14025 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements May 2021We report here the complete genome sequence of DSM 9389, which harbors eight 16S rRNA genes classified into three types. The genome sequence of this strain showed a...
We report here the complete genome sequence of DSM 9389, which harbors eight 16S rRNA genes classified into three types. The genome sequence of this strain showed a high average nucleotide identity (97.3%) with that of the highly membrane vesicle-producing strain ATCC 33320.
PubMed: 33986092
DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00301-21 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020Mobile colistin resistance () genes represent an emerging challenge. Here we describe a novel gene, , on an IncFIA plasmid of an clinical strain. has the highest...
Mobile colistin resistance () genes represent an emerging challenge. Here we describe a novel gene, , on an IncFIA plasmid of an clinical strain. has the highest nucleotide identity (79.69%) with and encodes MCR-10 with 82.93% amino acids identical to MCR-9. confers 4-fold increase in colistin MIC (from 1 to 4 mg/L) when cloned into a colistin-susceptible strain. By screening GenBank, was found in various species of countries in four continents, suggesting that this gene has widely spread. MCR-10 shows 79.04% to 83.67% amino acid identity and highly conserved predicted protein structures with chromosomally encoded MCR-like phosphoethanolamine transferases (designated MCR-B here) of various species. MCR-10, MCR-9 and MCR-B proteins may, therefore, originate from a common ancestor. was adjacent to a site-specific recombinase-encoding gene and was bracketed by IS and may be mobilized by site-specific recombination or composite transposon. Our results indicate that is a novel plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene and warrants immediate monitoring and further studies.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Colistin; Databases, Genetic; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Models, Molecular; Plasmids; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Sequence Analysis, Protein
PubMed: 32116151
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1732231 -
Microorganisms Nov 2022Tomatoes are among the most consumed vegetables worldwide and represent a source of health-beneficial substances. Our study represents the first investigating the...
Tomatoes are among the most consumed vegetables worldwide and represent a source of health-beneficial substances. Our study represents the first investigating the peel-associated epiphytic bacteria of red and purple (anthocyanin-rich) tomatoes subjected to organic and conventional farming systems. was the dominant phylum (relative abundances 79-91%) in all experimental conditions. represented a large fraction (39.3-47.5%) of the communities, with and as the most represented genera. The core microbiota was composed of 59 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), including the majority of the most abundant ones. The occurrence of the most abundant OTUs differed among the experimental conditions. OTU 1 (), OTU 2 (), and OTU 6 () were higher in red and purple tomatoes grown under organic farming. OTU 5 () had the highest abundance in red tomatoes subjected to organic farming. OTU 3 () was among the major OTUs in red tomatoes under both farming conditions. OTU 7 () and OTU 8 () had abundances ≥1% only in red tomatoes grown under conventional farming. PCA and clustering analysis highlighted a high similarity between the bacterial communities of red and purple tomatoes grown under organic farming. Furthermore, the bacterial communities of purple tomatoes grown under organic farming showed the lowest diversity and evenness. This work paves the way to understand the role of nutritional superior tomato genotypes, combined with organic farming, to modulate the presence of beneficial/harmful bacteria and supply healthier foods within a sustainable agriculture.
PubMed: 36422310
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112240 -
Poultry Science Nov 2019This study evaluated the effects of a combination of xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP), with probiotics (3 Bacillus spp.) supplementation on apparent ileal...
Effects of a combination of xylanase, amylase and protease, and probiotics on major nutrients including amino acids and non-starch polysaccharides utilization in broilers fed different level of fibers.
This study evaluated the effects of a combination of xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP), with probiotics (3 Bacillus spp.) supplementation on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in Cobb 500 broilers from 0 to 21 d. A completely randomized 2 × 4 factorial design (2 levels of fiber; 4 types of supplements) with 8 replicate cages (6 birds/cage) was used. Each low and high-fiber diet contained 500 FTU/kg Buttiauxella sp. phytase and was supplemented with: (a) none (control), (b) XAP (2,000 U xylanase + 200 U amylase + 4,000 U protease/kg diet), (c) probiotics (75,000 CFU/g of Bacillus spp.), or (d) XAP + probiotics. High fiber decreased (P < 0.05) nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), AID of all amino acids (AA), AID and ATTD of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), starch, and gross energy (GE). High fiber increased (P < 0.01) the flow of total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in both ileum and total tract. The XAP + probiotics increased (P < 0.01) AMEn as well as AID and ATTD of DM, CP, GE, starch, while alone, XAP yielded similar improvement except for DM compared with control. The supplemental XAP alone improved (P < 0.01) the digestibility of most of the AAs compared with control. Moreover, XAP + probiotics increased (P < 0.05) AID of all AA except arginine and serine compared with control. A fiber × supplements interaction (P < 0.05) was found for AID of histidine and threonine, and their digestibility in high-fiber diet was improved to a level comparable to low-fiber diet by XAP + probiotics. The flow of NSP in XAP group was 5 to 6% lower than in control while NSP flow in XAP + probiotic group was further 4% lower than that of XAP group (P < 0.01). The results infer that the combination of XAP and probiotics can effectively optimize the nutrient digestibility in broilers fed both low and high-fiber diets.
Topics: Amino Acids; Amylases; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gastrointestinal Tract; Ileum; Nutrients; Peptide Hydrolases; Polysaccharides; Probiotics; Random Allocation; Xylosidases
PubMed: 31198939
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez310 -
Biology May 2022In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technologies (sequencing of V3-V4 hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA gene) to investigate for the first time the...
In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technologies (sequencing of V3-V4 hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA gene) to investigate for the first time the microbiota of Latxa ewe raw milk and the bacterial shifts that occur during the production and ripening of Idiazabal cheese. Results revealed several bacterial genera not reported previously in raw ewe milk and cheese, such as and . Both the cheese making and ripening processes had a significant impact on bacterial communities. Overall, the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (, , , , and ) was promoted, whereas that of non-desirable and environmental bacteria was inhibited (such as and ). However, considerable differences were observed among producers. It is noteworthy that the starter LAB () predominated up to 30 or 60 days of ripening and then, the growth of non-starter LAB (, , and ) was promoted. Moreover, in some cases, bacteria related to the production of volatile compounds (such as , and ) also showed notable abundance during the first few weeks of ripening. Overall, the results of this study enhance our understanding of microbial shifts that occur during the production and ripening of a raw ewe milk-derived cheese (Idiazabal), and could indicate that the practices adopted by producers have a great impact on the microbiota and final quality of this cheese.
PubMed: 35625497
DOI: 10.3390/biology11050769 -
Toxics Sep 2021Extensive use and disposal of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a primary constituent of explosives, pollutes the environment and causes severe damage to human health....
Extensive use and disposal of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a primary constituent of explosives, pollutes the environment and causes severe damage to human health. Complete mineralization of TNT via bacterial degradation has recently gained research interest as an effective method for the restoration of contaminated sites. Here, screening for TNT degradation by six selected bacteria revealed that sp. S19-1, possesses the strongest degrading ability. Moreover, (a gene encoding for protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase-P34O, a key enzyme in the β-ketoadipate pathway) was upregulated during TNT degradation. A knockout of in S19-1 to generate S-M1 mutant strain caused a marked reduction in TNT degradation efficiency compared to S19-1. Additionally, the EM1 mutant strain ( DH5α transfected with ) showed higher degradation efficiency than DH5α. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of TNT degradation by S19-1 revealed 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotolune (ADNT) as the intermediate metabolite of TNT. Furthermore, the recombinant protein P34O (rP34O) expressed the activity of 2.46 µmol/min·mg. Our findings present the first report on the involvement of P34O in bacterial degradation of TNT and its metabolites, suggesting that P34O could catalyze downstream reactions in the TNT degradation pathway. In addition, the TNT-degrading ability of S19-1, a Gram-negative marine-derived bacterium, presents enormous potential for restoration of TNT-contaminated seas.
PubMed: 34678927
DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100231 -
Poultry Science Feb 2021Work was carried out to determine the effects of limestone (LM) geometric mean diameter (GMD), phytate, Ca source, and phytase on standardized ileal digestibility (SID)...
Work was carried out to determine the effects of limestone (LM) geometric mean diameter (GMD), phytate, Ca source, and phytase on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Ca and P in broilers. Twelve treatments (TRT) were tested. One basal corn and corn germ-based diet was prepared without adding inorganic Ca or P (TRT1, 0.02% Ca). Limestone from the same source (800 or 151 μm GMD) and bone (151 μm GMD) were added to TRT 2-4, (0.7% Ca). TRT5 was a corn/soybean meal (SBM) diet with 800 μm GMD LM (0.77% Ca). Buttiauxella sp. phytase was added (1,000 U/kg) to TRT 1-5 to prepare TRT 6-10, respectively. In addition, 800 or 150 μm GMD LM and monosodium P were added to a nitrogen-Ca-phytate-free diet (TRT 11 and 12, respectively). Treatments were analyzed as a complete block design using SAS mixed procedures and with factorial analysis on subsets of data: 1) LM GMD (151 vs. 800 μm GMD) with or without phytase: TRT 2, 3, 7, and 8; 2) phytate (corn or corn-free) with the same LM at 2 different sizes: TRT 2, 3, 11, and 12; 3) Ca source (LM vs. bone) with or without phytase: TRT 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9; 4) phytate source (corn vs. corn/SBM) with or without phytase: TRT 2, 5, 7, and 10. Broilers (4/pen) were fed mash diets ad lib for 36 h (20-22 d of age). At the end of the trial, distal ileal digesta were collected. Fine LM had lower SID Ca (38.09%) vs. coarse LM (49.18%), irrespective of phytase (P < 0.05). Standardized ileal digestibility of P was lower when the smaller LM was used vs. coarse LM with either 0 or 1,000 phytase U/kg (P < 0.05). Both SID Ca and P were higher without phytate vs. when phytate from corn was present (P < 0.05). Ca from bone was more digestible and its impact on SID P smaller vs. LM regardless of phytase (P < 0.05). In addition, phytate from SBM was more digestible and responsive to phytase as compared to phytate from corn (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary factors affected Ca and P digestibility and their response to phytase inclusion.
Topics: 6-Phytase; Animal Feed; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Carbonate; Chickens; Diet; Digestion; Ileum; Male; Particle Size; Phosphorus, Dietary; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 33518143
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.075