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Revue Medicale Suisse Apr 2014Most inflammatory skin and hair dermatophytoses are caused by one of four zoophilic dermatophyte species: Microsporum canis (from cats and dogs), Trichophyton verrucosum... (Review)
Review
Most inflammatory skin and hair dermatophytoses are caused by one of four zoophilic dermatophyte species: Microsporum canis (from cats and dogs), Trichophyton verrucosum (from cattle), Arthroderma benhamiae (from Guinea-pigs) and Arthrodermna vanbreuseghemii (generally from cats and dogs). In cases of highly inflammatory tinea corporis, tinea faciae and tinea capitis in humans, it is important to identify with certainty the precise etiologic agent and to examine pets as the possible source of infection. The recurrence of infections or new infections can be prevented by adequately treating incriminated domestic animals and their environments. Cooperation between the medical and veterinary professions is required in this situation.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Arthrodermataceae; Cats; Cattle; Dermatomycoses; Dogs; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 24772808
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Medica Portuguesa Nov 2021Alternaria species belong to a group of opportunistic fungi that causes skin infection mainly in immunosuppressed patients. The authors describe two clinically distinct... (Review)
Review
Alternaria species belong to a group of opportunistic fungi that causes skin infection mainly in immunosuppressed patients. The authors describe two clinically distinct cases of cutaneous alternariosis caused by Alternaria infectoria in patients under prolonged corticosteroid treatment. Additionally, a brief review of published cases in portuguese patients is conducted.
Topics: Alternaria; Alternariosis; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Phaeohyphomycosis
PubMed: 33054931
DOI: 10.20344/amp.13496 -
Veterinary Research Nov 2015Amphibian declines and extinctions are emblematic for the current sixth mass extinction event. Infectious drivers of these declines include the recently emerged fungal... (Review)
Review
Amphibian declines and extinctions are emblematic for the current sixth mass extinction event. Infectious drivers of these declines include the recently emerged fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Chytridiomycota). The skin disease caused by these fungi is named chytridiomycosis and affects the vital function of amphibian skin. Not all amphibians respond equally to infection and host responses might range from resistant, over tolerant to susceptible. The clinical outcome of infection is highly dependent on the amphibian host, the fungal virulence and environmental determinants. B. dendrobatidis infects the skin of a large range of anurans, urodeles and caecilians, whereas to date the host range of B. salamandrivorans seems limited to urodeles. So far, the epidemic of B. dendrobatidis is mainly limited to Australian, neotropical, South European and West American amphibians, while for B. salamandrivorans it is limited to European salamanders. Other striking differences between both fungi include gross pathology and thermal preferences. With this review we aim to provide the reader with a state-of-the art of host-pathogen interactions for both fungi, in which new data pertaining to the interaction of B. dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans with the host's skin are integrated. Furthermore, we pinpoint areas in which more detailed studies are necessary or which have not received the attention they merit.
Topics: Amphibians; Animals; Chytridiomycota; Dermatomycoses; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Species Specificity; Virulence
PubMed: 26607488
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0266-0 -
Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Sep 2012Opportunistic filamentous mycoses are widely distributed all over the world. They are rarely observed in Europe but are common in developing countries. The most common...
Opportunistic filamentous mycoses are widely distributed all over the world. They are rarely observed in Europe but are common in developing countries. The most common are the aspergilloses (due to Aspergillus spp.) mostly in neutropenia and immunosuppression; the mucormycoses characterized by rapid progression in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis; the phaeohyphomycoses due to pigmented fungi causing either a mild superficial or a very serious deep disease and the hyalohyphomycoses due to hyaline filamentous fungi (Fusarium spp., Pseudallescheria spp., Scopulariopsis spp.). Cutaneous manifestations are usually secondary to dissemination from pulmonary or visceral disease; primary cases are less frequent and due to direct inoculation into the skin. We review epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic data on the four most important opportunistic filamentous mycoses: aspergillosis, mucormycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and hyalohyphomycosis.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Mitosporic Fungi; Opportunistic Infections
PubMed: 22925358
DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2012.07994.x -
Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese... 2006Environments may act as reservoirs for pathogenic fungi, a determinant of the establishment of fungal infection, or an exacerbating factor of disease. In recent years,... (Review)
Review
Environments may act as reservoirs for pathogenic fungi, a determinant of the establishment of fungal infection, or an exacerbating factor of disease. In recent years, skin disease caused by geophilic fungi has been decreasing, while case reports of zoonoses from various animals are increasing. Outbreaks of anthropophilic T. tonsurans infection pose a problem to medical mycologists. Tinea pedis is the most common exogenous dermatomycosis in Japan. Although T. rubrum is presumed to be the dominant pathogen of this disease, T. mentagrophytes is detected more frequently from various environments, so far, the reason for this discrepancy has not been fully understood. The latest knowledge about the route of dermatophyte foot infection is as follows: (1) Dermatophyte propagules disseminated from patients may contaminate not only bath-mats but also wood floors, Japanese style mattings, concrete floors, slippers, cushions, etc., and from them adhere to healthy skin. (2) The agar stamping method can easily detect dermatophytes from the skin and the environment. (3) Propagules of T. mentagrophytes can survive for more than three months under certain conditions such as in rubber boots. (4) In order to eliminate dermatophytes gathered in socks and footwear, simple procedures (washing, bathing with hot water, or wiping with a towel) are all effective. (5) Prior application of an antifungal agent promptly eradicates dermatophyte propagules adhering to the skin from the environment. The author also mentioned the possibility of asymptomatic dermatophyte colonization, and the high prevalence of dysgeucia in oral carriers of Candida albicans.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Dermatomycoses; Disease Reservoirs; Environment; Foot Dermatoses; Humans; Tinea Pedis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 16699484
DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.47.63 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2017Understanding deep cutaneous fungal infection requires not only reading many case reports and checking the typical clinical images of skin lesions, but also managing the... (Review)
Review
Understanding deep cutaneous fungal infection requires not only reading many case reports and checking the typical clinical images of skin lesions, but also managing the patients properly to prevent misdiagnosis. Herein, I review my recent experiences with eight typical cases of deep cutaneous infections (including protothecosis and nocardiosis) in Japan. It is very important to do the four management processes; namely, KOH direct microscopic examination, skin biopsy, fungal culture, and microscopic examination of the histopathological specimen of PAS and Grocott staining. Also, to aid in memorizing the names of important diseases, I recommend the mnemonic "AC PPPS MD" (Aspergillosis, Cryptococcosis, Phaeohyphomycosis, Protothecosis, Pseudoallescheriosis, Sporotrichosis, Mycetoma, and Dermatophytosis). Isolation of the fungus by culturing from the skin lesion is the best way to carry out quick and correct diagnosis.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antifungal Agents; Biopsy; Dermatomycoses; Diagnostic Errors; Fatal Outcome; Female; Fungi; Humans; Hydroxides; Japan; Male; Microbiological Techniques; Microscopy; Potassium Compounds; Skin; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28566662
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.17.006 -
Research in Microbiology Sep 2015Fungal dermal diseases caused by the molds of the Dermatophyte family are among the most frequent infectious diseases affecting quality of life. There are 3 attributed... (Review)
Review
Fungal dermal diseases caused by the molds of the Dermatophyte family are among the most frequent infectious diseases affecting quality of life. There are 3 attributed sources of infection by Dermatophytes:1) humans; 2) animals and 3) soil. Dermatophytes posses the ability to utilize keratin from human and animal tissues, or debris from dead animal sources found in soil, such as feathers, skin or nails. Hence, Dermatophytes are abundant in different ecological niches. All 3 groups can infect humans, causing dermatophytoses manifested in different clinical entities involving skin, hair or nails. The mode of infection of the Dermatophytes is via direct or indirect contact. Dermatophytes are found universally, however the relative prevalence of dermatophytoses caused by different Dermatophytes may vary in different geographic areas according to climatic conditions or lifestyle. Thus, studies in different geographic areas assessing the specific fungal etiology involved are of epidemiological relevance serving as baseline information for management of dermatophytoses at the local level. The present article will focus, mostly, on epidemiological data from published surveys conducted in different geographic/climatic areas analyzing the prevalence of specific Dermatophyte species in regard to gender, age, type of infection in context of environmental factors.
Topics: Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Climate; Dermatomycoses; Environment; Humans; Prevalence; Topography, Medical
PubMed: 25634072
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.12.007 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2012Although Malassezia yeasts are a part of the normal microflora, under certain conditions they can cause superficial skin infection Pityriasis versicolor, Malassezia...
Although Malassezia yeasts are a part of the normal microflora, under certain conditions they can cause superficial skin infection Pityriasis versicolor, Malassezia folliculitis. Lipophilic yeasts are being considered as major opportunistic pathogens for a very long time. Most of the yeasts show an absolute requirement for long fatty acid chains and specific procedures are required for their isolation, conservation and identification. To date, the genus is composed of one non lipid-dependent species M. pachydermatis and lipid-dependent species M. furfur, M. sympodialis, M. globosa, M. obtusa, M. restricta, M. slooffiae, M. dermatis, M. yamatoensis, M. japonica, M. nana, M. caprae, M. equina, M. cuniculi.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Adult; Antifungal Agents; Dermatomycoses; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Malassezia; Middle Aged; Skin; Skin Care; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 22467125
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.53.7 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Aug 2008The genus Alternaria contains several species of melanized hyphomycetes that cause opportunistic human infections. The published literature contains 210 reported cases... (Review)
Review
The genus Alternaria contains several species of melanized hyphomycetes that cause opportunistic human infections. The published literature contains 210 reported cases of human alternarioses between 1933 and the present day. The most frequent clinical manifestations are cutaneous and subcutaneous infections (74.3%), followed by oculomycosis (9.5%), invasive and non-invasive rhinosinusitis (8.1%) and onychomycosis (8.1%). Immunosuppression is frequently associated with cutaneous and subcutaneous infections and rhinosinusitis. The most important risk factors for cutaneous and subcutaneous infections are solid organ transplantation and Cushing's syndrome, and those for rhinosinusitis are bone marrow transplants. Having been exposed to soil and garbage is common in all cases of oculomycosis, with corticotherapy being a risk factor in 50% of these cases. Previous contact with soil and/or trauma to the nails is associated with most cases of onychomycosis. In general, alternariosis shows a good response to conventional antifungal drugs. On some occasions, steroid suppression or reduction is sufficient to resolve an infection. Itraconazole is the antifungal drug used most frequently to successfully treat onychomycosis and cutaneous and subcutaneous infections. Posaconazole and voriconazole are promising therapeutic options, with the latter being especially so for oculomycosis.
Topics: Alternaria; Antifungal Agents; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Dermatomycoses; Eye Infections, Fungal; Humans; Mycoses
PubMed: 18727797
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02024.x -
Medical Mycology Journal 2013
Topics: Child; Dermatology; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Hydroxides; Indicators and Reagents; Microbiological Techniques; Microscopy; Potassium Compounds; Skin; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 23470949
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.54.7