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The Bone & Joint Journal Feb 2015Revision knee arthroplasty presents a number of challenges, not least of which is obtaining solid primary fixation of implants into host bone. Three anatomical zones...
Revision knee arthroplasty presents a number of challenges, not least of which is obtaining solid primary fixation of implants into host bone. Three anatomical zones exist within both femur and tibia which can be used to support revision implants. These consist of the joint surface or epiphysis, the metaphysis and the diaphysis. The methods by which fixation in each zone can be obtained are discussed. The authors suggest that solid fixation should be obtained in at least two of the three zones and emphasise the importance of pre-operative planning and implant selection.
Topics: Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Diaphyses; Epiphyses; Femur; Humans; Reoperation; Tibia
PubMed: 25628273
DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.97B2.34144 -
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... Jan 2014Bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab reduce the risk of spine and nonspine fractures. Atypical femur fractures (AFFs) located in the subtrochanteric region and diaphysis... (Review)
Review
Bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab reduce the risk of spine and nonspine fractures. Atypical femur fractures (AFFs) located in the subtrochanteric region and diaphysis of the femur have been reported in patients taking BPs and in patients on denosumab, but they also occur in patients with no exposure to these drugs. In this report, we review studies on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and medical management of AFFs, published since 2010. This newer evidence suggests that AFFs are stress or insufficiency fractures. The original case definition was revised to highlight radiographic features that distinguish AFFs from ordinary osteoporotic femoral diaphyseal fractures and to provide guidance on the importance of their transverse orientation. The requirement that fractures be noncomminuted was relaxed to include minimal comminution. The periosteal stress reaction at the fracture site was changed from a minor to a major feature. The association with specific diseases and drug exposures was removed from the minor features, because it was considered that these associations should be sought rather than be included in the case definition. Studies with radiographic review consistently report significant associations between AFFs and BP use, although the strength of associations and magnitude of effect vary. Although the relative risk of patients with AFFs taking BPs is high, the absolute risk of AFFs in patients on BPs is low, ranging from 3.2 to 50 cases per 100,000 person-years. However, long-term use may be associated with higher risk (∼100 per 100,000 person-years). BPs localize in areas that are developing stress fractures; suppression of targeted intracortical remodeling at the site of an AFF could impair the processes by which stress fractures normally heal. When BPs are stopped, risk of an AFF may decline. Lower limb geometry and Asian ethnicity may contribute to the risk of AFFs. There is inconsistent evidence that teriparatide may advance healing of AFFs.
Topics: Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Denosumab; Diaphyses; Diphosphonates; Female; Femoral Fractures; Fractures, Stress; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Risk Factors
PubMed: 23712442
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1998 -
Atencion Primaria 2019
Topics: Adult; Chondroma; Diaphyses; Female; Humans; Humerus; Shoulder Pain
PubMed: 30686678
DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2018.12.003 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021The process of fracture healing varies depending upon internal and external factors, such as the fracture site, mode of injury, and mechanical environment. This review... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The process of fracture healing varies depending upon internal and external factors, such as the fracture site, mode of injury, and mechanical environment. This review focuses on site-specific fracture healing, particularly diaphyseal and metaphyseal healing in mouse long bones. Diaphyseal fractures heal by forming the periosteal and medullary callus, whereas metaphyseal fractures heal by forming the medullary callus. Bone healing in ovariectomized mice is accompanied by a decrease in the medullary callus formation both in the diaphysis and metaphysis. Administration of estrogen after fracture significantly recovers the decrease in diaphyseal healing but fails to recover the metaphyseal healing. Thus, the two bones show different osteogenic potentials after fracture in ovariectomized mice. This difference may be attributed to the heterogeneity of the skeletal stem cells (SSCs)/osteoblast progenitors of the two bones. The genes that specify the patterning of the mammalian skeleton during embryogenesis are upregulated during the diaphyseal healing. genes positively regulate the differentiation of osteoblasts from SSCs in vitro. During bone grafting, the SSCs in the donor's bone express with adaptability in the heterologous bone. These novel functions of the genes are discussed herein with reference to the site-specificity of fracture healing.
Topics: Animals; Diaphyses; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone; Mice; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 34502206
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179299 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Feb 2018Relatively poor results have been reported with open reduction and internal fixation of complex fractures around the knee in elderly osteoporotic patients, and primary... (Review)
Review
Relatively poor results have been reported with open reduction and internal fixation of complex fractures around the knee in elderly osteoporotic patients, and primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been proposed as an alternative solution. While limiting the number of procedures, it meets two prerequisites: (1) to save the patient's life, thanks to early weight-bearing, to limit decubitus complications; and (2) to save knee function and patient autonomy, thanks to early knee mobilization. There are 3 main indications: complex articular fractures in elderly patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis prior to fracture; complex articular fractures of the tibial plateau in elderly patients whose bone quality makes internal fixation hazardous; and major destruction of the distal femur in younger patients. Although admitted in emergency, these patients require adequate preoperative management, including a multidisciplinary approach to manage comorbidities, control of anemia and pain, and assessment and management of vascular and cutaneous conditions. Preoperative planning is crucial, to order appropriate implants and materials that may be needed intraoperatively. Surgical technique is based on the basic principles of revision surgery as regards choice of implant, steps of reconstruction, bone defect management and implant fixation. For complex fractures of the distal femur, primary temporary reduction is a useful "trick", to determine the level of the joint line and femoral rotation. Complementary internal fixation may be required in case of diaphyseal extension of the fracture and to prevent inter-prosthetic fractures. In the literature, the results of primary TKA for fracture are encouraging and better than for secondary TKA after failure of non-operative treatment or internal fixation, with lower rates of revision and complications, earlier full weight-bearing and better functional results. Loss of autonomy is, however, frequent, and 1-year mortality is high, especially following complex femoral fractures in the elderly.
Topics: Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Diaphyses; Early Ambulation; Femoral Fractures; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Humans; Intra-Articular Fractures; Knee Joint; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Patient Care Planning; Tibial Fractures; Weight-Bearing
PubMed: 29199087
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2017.05.029 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Feb 2016The removal of a well-fixed prosthetic stem raises technical challenges. The objective is not only to remove the material, but also to prepare the implantation of a new... (Review)
Review
The removal of a well-fixed prosthetic stem raises technical challenges. The objective is not only to remove the material, but also to prepare the implantation of a new prosthesis. Cemented stems are only very rarely unremovable; extraction of the cement mantle and plug raises the greatest difficulties. The main risk is cortex perforation, and a radiograph should be obtained at the slightest doubt. The removal of cementless stems carries a higher risk of fracture. Difficulties should be anticipated based on thorough familiarity with the implant design and on evaluations of implant fixation and bone stock. The intramedullary approach is usually sufficient to extract a cemented or cementless, well fixed, standard stem. Routine use of a transfemoral approach is warranted only in the following situations: revision surgery for infection, S-shaped stem, long stem, curvature or angulation of the femoral shaft, or unfeasible hip dislocation. However, the possibility that the intramedullary approach may need to be converted to a transfemoral approach should be anticipated. Thus, preoperative planning must include determination of the optimal length of a femoral osteotomy or femoral flap, should one be needed, and the surgeon must have access to all the revision implants and tools that might be needed for re-implantation. Experience with the various techniques is indispensable, as a well-performed extensive approach is associated with less morbidity than a fracture or trajectory error. There are three main techniques, which are described here: intramedullary extraction of a cementless stem, intramedullary extraction of a cemented stem, and transfemoral extraction through an extended trochanterotomy. The patients should receive detailed information on the difficulties of femoral stem removal and on the available solutions.
Topics: Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Bone Cements; Device Removal; Diaphyses; Femur; Fractures, Bone; Hip Prosthesis; Humans; Osteotomy; Postoperative Complications; Prosthesis Failure; Reoperation; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 26797009
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2015.06.029 -
BioMed Research International 2023This is the first systematic review of the relationship between humeral shaft fractures and radial nerve palsy in children. The present comprehensive review is aimed at... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
This is the first systematic review of the relationship between humeral shaft fractures and radial nerve palsy in children. The present comprehensive review is aimed at identifying important clinical findings between humeral diaphysis fractures and radial nerve injuries and assessing the effects of treatment.
METHODS
We searched electronic bibliographic databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge, until March 2022. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the patients, interventions, comparisons, outcomes guidelines.
RESULTS
We identified 23 original papers, of which 10 were eligible for further analysis. Cases of 32 young patients with radial nerve palsy were identified and analyzed. The prevalence of radial nerve palsy was 4.34% (eight cases out of 184 patients with humeral shaft fractures). The radial nerve was most often associated with a simple transverse fracture (12A3, 17 cases (65.4%)).
CONCLUSIONS
Radial nerve injury in humeral shaft fractures in children is rare, with a frequency of 4.34%. We highly recommend early surgical nerve exploration with transverse fractures in the distal third segment combined with primary radial palsy. Furthermore, we recommend making thoughtful decisions regarding early nerve exploration in the Holstein-Lewis fractures. In addition, consideration of early surgical nerve exploration in fractures resulting from high-energy trauma and open fractures despite their morphology is recommended.
Topics: Child; Humans; Radial Neuropathy; Diaphyses; Radial Nerve; Humerus; Humeral Fractures; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 38075371
DOI: 10.1155/2023/3974604 -
European Cells & Materials Oct 2020An estimated 2 million osteoporotic fractures occur annually in the US, resulting in a dramatic reduction in quality of life for affected patients and a high economic... (Review)
Review
An estimated 2 million osteoporotic fractures occur annually in the US, resulting in a dramatic reduction in quality of life for affected patients and a high economic burden for society. Osteoporotic fractures are frequently located in metaphyseal bone regions. They are often associated with healing complications, because of the reduced healing capacity of the diseased bone tissue, the poor primary stability of the fracture fixation in the fragile bone, and the high frequency of comorbidities in these patients. Therefore, osteoporotic fractures require optimised treatment strategies to ensure proper bone healing. Preclinical animal models can help understanding of the underlying mechanisms and development of new therapies. However, whereas diaphyseal fracture models are widely available, appropriate animal models for metaphyseal fracture healing are scarce, although essential for translational research. This review covers large and small animal models for metaphyseal fracture healing. General requirements for suitable animal models are presented, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the current models. Furthermore, differences and similarities between metaphyseal and diaphyseal bone fracture healing are discussed. Both large- and small-animal models are available for studying metaphyseal fracture healing, which mainly differ in fracture location and geometry as well as stabilisation techniques. Most common used fracture sites are distal femur and proximal tibia. Each model found in the literature has certain advantages and disadvantages; however, many lack standardisation resulting in a high variability or poor mimicking of the clinical situation. Therefore, further refinement ofanimal models is needed especially to study osteoporotic metaphyseal fracture healing.
Topics: Animals; Diaphyses; Disease Models, Animal; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone
PubMed: 33119886
DOI: 10.22203/eCM.v040a11 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022The current prognosis for successful return to function in koalas with appendicular fractures is poor despite being the most common fracture type to result in successful...
The current prognosis for successful return to function in koalas with appendicular fractures is poor despite being the most common fracture type to result in successful rehabilitation. The forelimb, particularly the humerus, plays a critical role in stabilisation and support while climbing trees. Successful rehabilitation therefore requires adequate internal stabilisation to promote bone healing and faster return to function. Current knowledge of koala limb bone morphometry is lacking and would provide useful clinical insight for future orthopaedic research, particularly with regards to recommendations regarding implant size and type. In this study microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) was used to describe bone length, internal and external diameters, and cortical thickness at five transverse levels along the humerus of skeletally mature koala cadavers. Qualitative descriptions were also made regarding bone features deemed clinically relevant to potential fracture repair techniques. Mean humeral length was 114.3 mm (95% CI 107.29-121.31 mm). Mediolateral diameters were greater than craniocaudal diameters at each measurement level, and the diaphysis has a distally tapering medullary cavity. Diaphyseal cortices were relatively homogenous with slight distal thickening, and medial cortices were thickest along the entire bone. The bone protuberances of the deltoid and supinator ridges projected most of the way down the lateral surface of the bone while the medial surface remained relatively uniform. Distal to the deltoid ridge the humerus curved caudally, terminating at a craniocaudally flattened distal epiphysis. Morphometric descriptions provided in this study will serve as a useful reference for future research, guiding orthopaedic surgery and improving prognosis of koala humeral fractures.
Topics: Animals; Humans; X-Ray Microtomography; Phascolarctidae; Humerus; Humeral Fractures; Diaphyses
PubMed: 36302878
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22944-0 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... May 2019Intra-medullary osteosclerosis of the tibia is a rare condition characterised by chronic pain due to diaphyseal hyperostosis with no detectable triggering factor. The...
BACKGROUND
Intra-medullary osteosclerosis of the tibia is a rare condition characterised by chronic pain due to diaphyseal hyperostosis with no detectable triggering factor. The main differential diagnoses are stress fracture and osteoid osteoma. Of the few cases reported to date, most were in adults. The objective of this study was to assess paediatric patients with intra-medullary osteosclerosis to determine whether the first visit provides sufficient information to establish the diagnosis and rule out both osteoid osteoma and stress fracture, whether a biopsy is required, and which treatment is optimal.
HYPOTHESIS
The diagnosis of intra-medullary osteosclerosis of the tibia can be made at the first visit.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Seven paediatric patients, 4 males and 3 females, with a mean age of 11 years, were included in this retrospective study. We evaluated the clinical features, findings from imaging studies (standard radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and bone scintigraphy), and treatment outcomes.
RESULTS
At the first visit, all patients had a painful swelling at the middle of the shin and imaging study evidence of antero-lateral tibial cortical thickening extending into the medullary cavity; in 5 patients, a linear lucency was visible. No other bone abnormalities were seen. Treatments included non-operative measures, pinning, and nailing. None of these treatments provided permanent bone healing or pain relief, although transitory freedom from pain with or without radiological bone healing was achieved.
DISCUSSION
Intra-medullary osteosclerosis of the tibia is rarely reported and therefore probably underdiagnosed. Distinctive characteristics of the cortical and endosteal thickening include location at the antero-lateral mid-diaphysis and, in some cases, the concomitant presence of a linear lucency that can provide the early diagnosis. The distinctive radiological features allow differentiation from a stress fracture. The management is challenging.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
IV, retrospective observational study.
Topics: Adolescent; Biopsy; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaphyses; Edema; Female; Fractures, Stress; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Musculoskeletal Pain; Osteoma, Osteoid; Osteosclerosis; Retrospective Studies; Tibia; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30975636
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2018.10.026