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Recent Results in Cancer Research.... 2016Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA and among the leading major diseases in the world. It is anticipated to continue to increase because of the growth... (Review)
Review
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA and among the leading major diseases in the world. It is anticipated to continue to increase because of the growth of the aging population and prevalence of risk factors such as obesity, smoking, and/or poor dietary habits. Cancer treatment has remained relatively similar during the past 30 years with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in combination with surgery remaining the standard therapies although novel therapies are slowly replacing or complementing the standard ones. According to the American Cancer Society, the dietary recommendation for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy is to increase calorie and protein intake. In addition, there are no clear guidelines on the type of nutrition that could have a major impact on cancer incidence. Yet, various forms of reduced caloric intake such as calorie restriction (CR) or fasting demonstrate a wide range of beneficial effects able to help prevent malignancies and increase the efficacy of cancer therapies. Whereas chronic CR provides both beneficial and detrimental effects as well as major compliance challenges, periodic fasting (PF), fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs), and dietary restriction (DR) without a reduction in calories are emerging as interventions with the potential to be widely used to prevent and treat cancer. Here, we review preclinical and preliminary clinical studies on dietary restriction and fasting and their role in inducing cellular protection and chemotherapy resistance.
Topics: Caloric Restriction; Diet; Fasting; Humans; Neoplasms; United States
PubMed: 27557543
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42118-6_12 -
JAMA Network Open Aug 2021The 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee conducted a systematic review of existing research on diet and health to inform the current Dietary Guidelines for...
IMPORTANCE
The 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee conducted a systematic review of existing research on diet and health to inform the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The committee answered this public health question: what is the association between dietary patterns consumed and all-cause mortality (ACM)?
OBJECTIVE
To ascertain the association between dietary patterns consumed and ACM.
EVIDENCE REVIEW
Guided by an analytical framework and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria developed by the committee, the US Department of Agriculture's Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review (NESR) team searched PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase and dual-screened the results to identify articles that were published between January 1, 2000, and October 4, 2019. These studies evaluated dietary patterns and ACM in participants aged 2 years and older. The NESR team extracted data from and assessed risk of bias in included studies. Committee members synthesized the evidence, developed conclusion statements, and graded the strength of the evidence supporting the conclusion statements.
FINDINGS
A total of 1 randomized clinical trial and 152 observational studies were included in the review. Studies enrolled adults and older adults (aged 17-84 years at baseline) from 28 countries with high or very high Human Development Index; 53 studies originated from the US. Most studies were well designed, used rigorous methods, and had low or moderate risks of bias. Precision, directness, and generalizability were demonstrated across the body of evidence. Results across studies were highly consistent. Evidence suggested that dietary patterns in adults and older adults that involved higher consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole grains, unsaturated vegetable oils, fish, and lean meat or poultry (when meat was included) were associated with a decreased risk of ACM. These healthy patterns were also relatively low in red and processed meat, high-fat dairy, and refined carbohydrates or sweets. Some of these dietary patterns also included intake of alcoholic beverages in moderation. Results based on additional analyses with confounding factors generally confirmed the robustness of main findings.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this systematic review, consuming a nutrient-dense dietary pattern was associated with reduced risk of death from all causes.
Topics: Cause of Death; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Humans; Nutrition Policy; United States
PubMed: 34463743
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22277 -
Redox Biology Jun 2021Oxidative stress and inflammation are known to play a critical role in ageing and chronic disease development and could therefore represent important targets for...
INTRODUCTION
Oxidative stress and inflammation are known to play a critical role in ageing and chronic disease development and could therefore represent important targets for developing dietary strategies for disease prevention. We aimed to systematically review the results from observational studies and intervention trials published in the last 5 years on the associations between dietary patterns and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.
METHODS
A systematic search of the PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science (January 2015 to October 2020) was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Methodological quality of selected studies was evaluated based on the NUTRIGRADE and BIOCROSS assessment tools.
RESULTS
In total, 29 studies among which 16 observational studies and 13 intervention studies were found eligible for review. Overall, results indicated an inverse association between plant-based diets - the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet - and oxidative stress and proinflammatory biomarkers. In observational studies, inverse associations were further revealed for the vegetarian diet, the USDA Healthy Eating Index (HEI) - based diet and the paleolithic diet, whereas a positive association was seen for western and fast food diets. Quality assessment suggested that majority of dietary intervention studies (n = 12) were of low to moderate quality.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence that the plant-based dietary patterns are associated with lowered levels of oxidative stress and inflammation and may provide valid means for chronic disease prevention. Future large-scale intervention trials using validated biomarkers are warranted to confirm these findings.
Topics: Biomarkers; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Humans; Inflammation; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 33541846
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101869 -
JAMA Mar 2020Prior studies of dietary trends among US youth have evaluated major macronutrients or only a few foods or have used older data.
IMPORTANCE
Prior studies of dietary trends among US youth have evaluated major macronutrients or only a few foods or have used older data.
OBJECTIVE
To characterize trends in diet quality among US youth.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Serial cross-sectional investigation using 24-hour dietary recalls from youth aged 2 to 19 years from 9 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (1999-2016).
EXPOSURES
Calendar year and population sociodemographic characteristics.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcomes were the survey-weighted, energy-adjusted mean consumption of dietary components and proportion meeting targets of the American Heart Association (AHA) 2020 continuous diet score (range, 0-50; based on total fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish and shellfish, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sodium). Additional outcomes were the AHA secondary score (range, 0-80; adding nuts, seeds, and legumes; processed meat; and saturated fat) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2015 score (range, 0-100). Poor diet was defined as less than 40% adherence (scores, <20 for primary and <32 for secondary AHA scores); intermediate as 40% to 79.9% adherence (scores, 20-39.9 and 32-63.9, respectively); and ideal, as at least 80% adherence (scores, ≥40 and ≥64, respectively). Higher diet scores indicate better diet quality; a minimal clinically important difference has not been quantified.
RESULTS
Of 31 420 youth aged 2 to 19 years included, the mean age was 10.6 years; 49.1% were female. From 1999 to 2016, the estimated AHA primary diet score significantly increased from 14.8 (95% CI, 14.1-15.4) to 18.8 (95% CI, 18.1-19.6) (27.0% improvement), the estimated AHA secondary diet score from 29.2 (95% CI, 28.1-30.4) to 33.0 (95% CI, 32.0-33.9) (13.0% improvement), and the estimated HEI-2015 score from 44.6 (95% CI, 43.5-45.8) to 49.6 (95% CI, 48.5-50.8) (11.2% improvement) (P < .001 for trend for each). Based on the AHA primary diet score, the estimated proportion of youth with poor diets significantly declined from 76.8% (95% CI, 72.9%-80.2%) to 56.1% (95% CI, 51.4%-60.7%) and with intermediate diets significantly increased from 23.2% (95% CI, 19.8%-26.9%) to 43.7% (95% CI, 39.1%-48.3%) (P < .001 for trend for each). The estimated proportion meeting ideal quality significantly increased but remained low, from 0.07% (95% CI, 0.01%-0.49%) to 0.25% (95% CI, 0.10%-0.62%) (P = .03 for trend). Persistent dietary variations were identified across multiple sociodemographic groups. The estimated proportion of youth with a poor diet in 2015-2016 was 39.8% (95% CI, 35.1%-44.5%) for ages 2 to 5 years (unweighted n = 666), 52.5% (95% CI, 46.4%-58.5%) for ages 6 to 11 years (unweighted n = 1040), and 66.6% (95% CI, 61.4%-71.4%) for ages 12 to 19 years (unweighted n = 1195), with persistent differences across levels of parental education, household income, and household food security status.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Based on serial NHANES surveys from 1999 to 2016, the estimated overall diet quality of US youth showed modest improvement, but more than half of youth still had poor-quality diets.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Diet Surveys; Diet, Healthy; Female; Food Assistance; Humans; Male; Nutrition Policy; Self Report; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 32207798
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.0878 -
Nutrients Oct 2023Health authorities increasingly recommend sustainable and healthy diets rich in plant foods and with moderate amounts of animal foods. However, there are concerns about... (Review)
Review
Health authorities increasingly recommend sustainable and healthy diets rich in plant foods and with moderate amounts of animal foods. However, there are concerns about whether such diets can meet all nutrient requirements, especially in children and adolescents, who have relatively high nutrient needs for growth and development. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the nutrient intake and status of children and adolescents (2-18 y) consuming plant-based (i.e., vegetarian and vegan) diets compared to those of meat-eating children following a systematic literature review of studies published between 2000 and 2022. Mean intake and status data of nutrients were calculated across studies and benchmarked to dietary reference values and cut-off values for nutrient deficiencies. A total of 30 studies were included (15 in children 2-5 y, 24 in children 6-12 y, and 11 in adolescents 13-18 y). In all diets, there were risks of inadequate intakes of vitamin D and calcium. Children consuming meat had a risk of inadequate folate and vitamin E intake; and mean fiber, SAFA, and PUFA intakes were not in line with the recommendations. Children consuming plant-based diets risked inadequate vitamin B12, iron, and zinc intakes. In contrast to vegans, vegetarian children may not meet the recommended intakes of fiber, SAFA, and possibly PUFA, but their mean intakes were more favorable than in meat-eating children. Although the data are limited and need further validation, our findings indicate that there are risks of nutritional inadequacies in all diet groups. Therefore, increasing consumption of a variety of plant-based foods, in combination with food fortification and supplementation where needed, is recommended for children and adolescents to have sustainable and nutritionally adequate diets.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Child; Adolescent; Diet; Energy Intake; Meat; Eating; Diet, Vegan; Diet, Vegetarian
PubMed: 37892416
DOI: 10.3390/nu15204341 -
Nutrients Apr 2019Demand side interventions, such as dietary change, can significantly contribute towards the achievement of 2030 national sustainable development goals. However, most...
Demand side interventions, such as dietary change, can significantly contribute towards the achievement of 2030 national sustainable development goals. However, most previous studies analysing the consequences of dietary change focus on a single dimension of sustainability (e.g., environment) using a limited number of indicators and dietary scenarios. A multi-dimension and multi-indicator analysis can identify the potential trade-offs. Here, starting from the current food consumption data (year 2011), we first designed nine alternative dietary scenarios (healthy Swiss diet, healthy global diet, vegetarian, vegan, pescatarian, flexitarian, protein-oriented and meat-oriented diets and a food greenhouse gas tax diet). Next we calculated three nutritional quality (nutrient balance score, disqualifying nutrient score, percent population with adequate nutrition), five environmental (greenhouse gas, water, land, nitrogen and phosphorus use), one economic (daily food expenditure) and one human health indicator (DALYs) for current and alternative diets. We found that transition towards a healthy diet following the guidelines of Swiss society of nutrition is the most sustainable option and is projected to result in 36% lesser environmental footprint, 33% lesser expenditure and 2.67% lower adverse health outcome (DALYs) compared with the current diet. On the other extreme, transition towards a meat or protein oriented diet can lead to large increases in diet related adverse health outcomes, environmental footprint, daily food expenditure and a reduction in intakes of essential nutrients (for Vitamin C, Fibre, Potassium and Calcium). We found that shifting to the vegetarian and vegan diet scenarios might lead to a reduction in intakes of certain micronutrients currently supplied primarily by animal-sourced foods (Vitamin B, Choline and Calcium). Results show that achieving a sustainable diet would entail a high reduction in the intake of meat and vegetable oils and a moderate reduction in cereals, roots and fish products and at the same time increased intake of legumes, nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables. We identify several current data and research gaps that need to be filled in order to get more accurate results. Overall, our analysis underscores the need to consider multiple indicators while assessing the dietary sustainability and provides a template to conduct such studies in other countries and settings. Future efforts should focus on assessing the potential of different interventions and policies that can help transition the population from current to sustainable dietary patterns.
Topics: Costs and Cost Analysis; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Greenhouse Gases; Health Status; Humans; Nutritive Value; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Sustainable Development; Switzerland; Taxes
PubMed: 30995719
DOI: 10.3390/nu11040856 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2022Food strategies are currently used to improve inflammation and oxidative stress conditions in chronic pain which contributes to a better quality of life for patients....
The Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting, Time Restricted Feeding, Caloric Restriction, a Ketogenic Diet and the Mediterranean Diet as Part of the Treatment Plan to Improve Health and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review.
Food strategies are currently used to improve inflammation and oxidative stress conditions in chronic pain which contributes to a better quality of life for patients. The main purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the effectiveness of different dietary strategies as part of the treatment plan for patients suffering from chronic pain and decreased health. PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cambridge Core, and Oxford Academy databases were used to review and to appraise the literature. Randomized clinical trials (RCT), observational studies, and systematic reviews published within the last 6 years were included. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, the PEDro Internal Validity (PVI), the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a variety of fields (QUALSYT), and the Quality Assessment Tool of Systematic Reviews scale were used to evaluate the risk of bias of the included studies. A total of 16 articles were included, of which 11 were RCTs and 5 were observational studies. Six of them showed an improvement in pain assessment, while two studies showed the opposite. Inflammation was shown to be decreased in four studies, while one did not show a decrease. The quality of life was shown to have improved in five studies. All of the selected studies obtained good methodological quality in their assessment scales. In the PVI, one RCT showed good internal validity, five RCTs showed moderate internal quality, while five of them were limited. Current research shows that consensus on the effects of an IF diet on pain improvement, in either the short or the long term, is lacking. A caloric restriction diet may be a good long term treatment option for people suffering from pain. Time restricted food and ketogenic diets may improve the quality of life in chronic conditions. However, more studies analyzing the effects of different nutritional strategies, not only in isolation but in combination with other therapies in the short and the long term, are needed.
Topics: Caloric Restriction; Chronic Pain; Diet, Ketogenic; Diet, Mediterranean; Fasting; Humans; Inflammation; Musculoskeletal Pain
PubMed: 35682282
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116698 -
Nature Communications Oct 2023It is unclear regarding associations of dietary patterns with a wide range of chronic diseases and which dietary score is more predictive of major chronic diseases....
It is unclear regarding associations of dietary patterns with a wide range of chronic diseases and which dietary score is more predictive of major chronic diseases. Using the UK Biobank, we examine associations of four individual healthy dietary scores with the risk of 48 individual chronic diseases. Higher Alternate Mediterranean Diet score is associated with a lower risk of 32 (all 8 cardiometabolic disorders, 3 out of 10 types of cancers, 7 out of 10 psychological/neurological disorders, 5 out of 6 digestive disorders, and 9 out of 14 other chronic diseases). Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 and Healthful Plant-based Diet Index are inversely associated with the risk of 29 and 23 individual chronic diseases, respectively. A higher Anti-Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index is associated with a lower risk of 14 individual chronic diseases and a higher incidence of two diseases. Our findings support dietary guidelines for the prevention of most chronic diseases.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Independent Living; Diet; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Healthy; Health Status; Chronic Disease
PubMed: 37872218
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42523-9 -
Nutrients May 2021There is a lack of data on associations between modern vegetarian and vegan diets and health among children and adolescents. The aim of the Vechi Youth Study was to...
There is a lack of data on associations between modern vegetarian and vegan diets and health among children and adolescents. The aim of the Vechi Youth Study was to cross-sectionally examine anthropometry, dietary intakes and nutritional status in a sample of 149 vegetarian, 115 vegan and 137 omnivore children and adolescents (6-18 years old, mean age: 12.7 ± 3.9 years). Group differences of dietary intake (calculated from three-day dietary records), nutrient biomarker and blood lipid concentrations were assessed using an analysis of covariance, adjusted for sex, age and other covariates. The total energy intake did not differ significantly between groups, but intake of carbohydrates was higher among vegetarians and vegans than among omnivores ( = 0.0002, respectively). The median protein intake exceeded 0.9 g/kg body weight/day in all diet groups and was lowest among vegetarians ( < 0.02). There was no significant difference of haemoglobin, vitamin B2, 25-OH vitamin D3, HDL-C and triglycerides blood concentrations between diet groups. Vegan participants had higher folate concentrations than vegetarian participants ( = 0.0053). Ferritin concentration was significantly higher in omnivores than in vegetarians ( = 0.0134) and vegans ( = 0.0404). Vegetarians had lower concentrations of holotranscobalamin ( = 0.0042) and higher concentrations of methylmalonic acid ( = 0.0253) than omnivores. Vegans had the lowest non-HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations in comparison to vegetarians ( = 0.0053 and = 0.0041) and omnivores ( = 0.0010 and = 0.0010). A high prevalence (>30%) of 25-OH vitamin D3 and vitamin B2 concentrations below reference values were found irrespective of the diet group. In conclusion, the Vechi Youth Study did not indicate specific nutritional risks among vegetarian and vegan children and adolescents compared to omnivores.
Topics: Adolescent; Biomarkers; Child; Diet; Diet Records; Diet, Vegan; Diet, Vegetarian; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Female; Germany; Humans; Lipids; Male; Nutrients; Nutritional Requirements; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 34069944
DOI: 10.3390/nu13051707 -
Cadernos de Saude Publica Nov 2010This paper describes a new food classification which assigns foodstuffs according to the extent and purpose of the industrial processing applied to them. Three main...
This paper describes a new food classification which assigns foodstuffs according to the extent and purpose of the industrial processing applied to them. Three main groups are defined: unprocessed or minimally processed foods (group 1), processed culinary and food industry ingredients (group 2), and ultra-processed food products (group 3). The use of this classification is illustrated by applying it to data collected in the Brazilian Household Budget Survey which was conducted in 2002/2003 through a probabilistic sample of 48,470 Brazilian households. The average daily food availability was 1,792 kcal/person being 42.5% from group 1 (mostly rice and beans and meat and milk), 37.5% from group 2 (mostly vegetable oils, sugar, and flours), and 20% from group 3 (mostly breads, biscuits, sweets, soft drinks, and sausages). The share of group 3 foods increased with income, and represented almost one third of all calories in higher income households. The impact of the replacement of group 1 foods and group 2 ingredients by group 3 products on the overall quality of the diet, eating patterns and health is discussed.
Topics: Brazil; Diet; Energy Intake; Family Characteristics; Food; Food Handling; Humans; Income; Linear Models
PubMed: 21180977
DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2010001100005