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Public Health Nutrition Feb 2020The objective of this study was to assess the prospective association between diet quality, as well as a 6-year change in diet quality, and risk of incident CVD and...
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to assess the prospective association between diet quality, as well as a 6-year change in diet quality, and risk of incident CVD and diabetes in a community-based population.
DESIGN
We used Cox regression models to estimate the prospective association between diet quality, assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 and the Alternative HEI (AHEI)-2010 scores, as well as change in diet quality, and incident CVD and diabetes.
SETTING
The ARIC Study recruited 15 792 black and white men and women (45-64 years) from four US communities.
PARTICIPANTS
We included 10 808 study participants who reported usual dietary intake via FFQ at visit 1 (1987-1989) and who had not developed CVD, diabetes, or cancer at baseline.
RESULTS
Overall, 3070 participants developed CVD (median follow-up of 26 years) and 3452 developed diabetes (median follow-up of 22 years) after visit 1. Higher diet score at the initial visit was associated with a significantly lower risk of CVD (HR per 10 % higher HEI-2015 diet quality score: 0·90 (95 % CI: 0·86, 0·95) and HR per 10 % higher AHEI-2010 diet quality score: 0·96 (95 % CI: 0·93, 0·99)). We did not observe a significant association between initial diet score and incident diabetes. There were no significant associations between change in diet score and CVD or diabetes risk in the overall study population.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher diet quality assessed using HEI-2015 and AHEI-2010 was strongly associated with lower CVD risk but not diabetes risk within a middle-aged, community-based US population.
Topics: Black or African American; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet; Diet Surveys; Diet, Healthy; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; White People
PubMed: 31511110
DOI: 10.1017/S136898001900212X -
United European Gastroenterology Journal Sep 2023Lifestyle modification comprising calorie restriction (CR) and increased physical activity enabling weight loss is the first-line of treatment for non-alcoholic fatty... (Review)
Review
Lifestyle modification comprising calorie restriction (CR) and increased physical activity enabling weight loss is the first-line of treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, CR alone is not optimal and evidence suggests that dietary pattern and composition are also critical in NAFLD management. Accordingly, high consumption of red and processed meat, saturated fat, added sugar, and sweetened beverages are associated with an increased risk of developing NAFLD and hepatocellular carcinoma, while other foods and compounds such as fish, olive oil, and polyphenols are, in contrast, beneficial for metabolic disorders. Therefore, several dietary interventions have been studied in order to determine which strategy would be the most beneficial for NAFLD. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of different dietary interventions such as low carbohydrate/low-fat diet, time-restricted eating diet, CR, and the well-studied Mediterranean diet is summarized.
Topics: Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Exercise; Weight Loss; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Patterns
PubMed: 37491835
DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12443 -
PloS One 2023A substantial body of evidence points to the heritability of dietary preferences. While vegetarianism has been practiced for millennia in various societies, its...
A substantial body of evidence points to the heritability of dietary preferences. While vegetarianism has been practiced for millennia in various societies, its practitioners remain a small minority of people worldwide, and the role of genetics in choosing a vegetarian diet is not well understood. Dietary choices involve an interplay between the physiologic effects of dietary items, their metabolism, and taste perception, all of which are strongly influenced by genetics. In this study, we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify loci associated with strict vegetarianism in UK Biobank participants. Comparing 5,324 strict vegetarians to 329,455 controls, we identified one SNP on chromosome 18 that is associated with vegetarianism at the genome-wide significant level (rs72884519, β = -0.11, P = 4.997 x 10-8), and an additional 201 suggestively significant variants. Four genes are associated with rs72884519: TMEM241, RIOK3, NPC1, and RMC1. Using the Functional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA) platform and the Multi-marker Analysis of GenoMic Annotation (MAGMA) tool, we identified 34 genes with a possible role in vegetarianism, 3 of which are GWAS-significant based on gene-level analysis: RIOK3, RMC1, and NPC1. Several of the genes associated with vegetarianism, including TMEM241, NPC1, and RMC1, have important functions in lipid metabolism and brain function, raising the possibility that differences in lipid metabolism and their effects on the brain may underlie the ability to subsist on a vegetarian diet. These results support a role for genetics in choosing a vegetarian diet and open the door to future studies aimed at further elucidating the physiologic pathways involved in vegetarianism.
Topics: Humans; Genome-Wide Association Study; Diet, Vegetarian; Diet; Diet, Vegan; Brain
PubMed: 37792698
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291305 -
Journal of Aging and Health 2022Using comprehensive measures of biological risk, this study aims to investigate the relationship between intake of individual dietary components, overall diet quality,...
Using comprehensive measures of biological risk, this study aims to investigate the relationship between intake of individual dietary components, overall diet quality, and biological dysregulation. We analyzed nationally representative data from 3734 older adults who participated in the Health and Retirement Study Venous Blood Study in 2016 and Health Care and Nutrition Survey in 2013. Eleven out of 13 individual dietary components were associated with lower biological risk. Respondents with poor/suboptimal quality diet had higher biological risk than those with good quality diet. Findings from this study emphasize the importance of healthy eating in improving health of older adults. Encouraging intake of fruits, greens and beans, whole grains, and fatty acids, while limiting consumption of sodium, added sugar, and saturated fat would improve overall diet quality and contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases and morbidity.
Topics: Aged; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Energy Intake; Fruit; Humans; Nutrition Surveys; United States
PubMed: 34779298
DOI: 10.1177/08982643211046818 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... May 2022We examined the effects and interactions of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet and voluntary running exercise on bone in older mice. Male 19-mo-old mice were...
We examined the effects and interactions of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet and voluntary running exercise on bone in older mice. Male 19-mo-old mice were divided into four groups by diet (control vs. LCHF) and exercise (sedentary vs. voluntary running). The control diet was 55% carbohydrate, 23% protein, and 22% fat, and the LCHF diet was 10% carbohydrate, 33% protein, and 57% fat as percentages of calories. The experiment ended when the mice reached 24 mo old. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way analysis of variance with diet and exercise. The LCHF diet decreased bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, and trabecular number. There was no significant interaction between diet and exercise on many bone parameters. However, there were significant diet and exercise interactions on lumbar BMC and tibial trabecular total tissue volume and average cortical thickness. The LCHF diet attenuated the benefit of running exercise on lumbar BMC and caused running to have a negative effect on tibial trabecular total tissue volume. Our study suggests that the LCHF diet impairs bone mass and some trabecular microstructure and reduces the benefit of exercise on lumbar BMC in old mice. An LCHF diet is used in treatment and prevention of diseases or improving exercise performance. However, some studies have shown that an LCHF diet diminishes bone in young rodents. Our study demonstrates that an LCHF diet impairs bone mass and some trabecular microstructure in old mice, which are similar to the previous studies using young rodents. Moreover, our study shows that an LCHF diet reduces the benefit of exercise on lumbar BMC in old mice.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Carbohydrates; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, High-Fat; Energy Intake; Male; Mice; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Running
PubMed: 35358401
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00789.2021 -
Public Health Nutrition Mar 2017Shifting towards a more sustainable food consumption pattern is an important strategy to mitigate climate change. In the past decade, various studies have optimised... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Shifting towards a more sustainable food consumption pattern is an important strategy to mitigate climate change. In the past decade, various studies have optimised environmentally sustainable diets using different methodological approaches. The aim of the present review was to categorise and summarise the different approaches to operationalise the health aspects of environmentally sustainable diets.
DESIGN
Conventional keyword and reference searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge and CAB Abstracts. Inclusion criteria were: (i) English-language publication; (ii) published between 2005 and October 2015; (iii) dietary data collected for the diet as a whole at the national, household or individual level; (iv) comparison of the current diet with dietary scenarios; and (v) for results to consider the health aspect in some way.
SETTING
Consumer diets.
SUBJECTS
Adult population.
RESULTS
We reviewed forty-nine studies that combined the health and environmental aspects of consumer diets. Hereby, five approaches to operationalise the health aspect of the diet were identified: (i) food item replacements; (ii) dietary guidelines; (iii) dietary quality scores; (iv) diet modelling techniques; and (v) diet-related health impact analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the sustainability concept is increasingly popular and widely advocated by nutritional and environmental scientists, the journey towards designing sustainable diets for consumers has only just begun. In the context of operationalising the health aspects, diet modelling might be considered the preferred approach since it captures the complexity of the diet as a whole. For the future, we propose SHARP diets: environmentally Sustainable (S), Healthy (H), Affordable (A), Reliable (R) and Preferred from the consumer's perspective (P).
Topics: Conservation of Natural Resources; Diet; Greenhouse Effect; Humans
PubMed: 27819199
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980016002664 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Nov 2023Intermittent fasting is a dietary pattern characterized by alternating periods of total or partial fasting and ad libitum food consumption. During prolonged fasting, the...
Intermittent fasting is a dietary pattern characterized by alternating periods of total or partial fasting and ad libitum food consumption. During prolonged fasting, the body uses the ketone bodies formed from lipolysis of body fat, which also leads to some metabolic modifications with positive effects on health. In this sense, nocturnal intermittent fasting could contribute to properly synchronize the circadian system making the physiological, hormonal, energetic and metabolic processes work correctly and keeping to the individual in homeostasis. Thus, according to the results of different studies, intermittent fasting, in the short-medium term, seems to improve body composition, as well as the values of several cardiometabolic parameters such as insulin and HOMA-IR index, among others. These effects have been observed in both pre- and postmenopausal women (no differences have been found between both states) and are similar to those found in interventions with caloric restriction diets.
Topics: Humans; Female; Obesity; Intermittent Fasting; Fasting; Diet; Caloric Restriction; Cardiovascular Diseases
PubMed: 37929900
DOI: 10.20960/nh.04951 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Oct 2020Little is known about cancer survivors' self-perception of their dietary quality compared with their measured diet quality and how those perceptions may influence their...
OBJECTIVES
Little is known about cancer survivors' self-perception of their dietary quality compared with their measured diet quality and how those perceptions may influence their actual diet. This study aimed to fill this gap using national large datasets.
METHODS
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2005 to 2014 were used. The healthy eating index (HEI) based on 24-h dietary recall was used to measure diet quality. Logistic regression models were fit to examine the influence of the misperception of eating healthiness on diet quality.
RESULTS
The agreement between self-perceived and actual diet quality was low (Kappa = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.09) among cancer survivors. Over-rating diet quality was associated with a 5.39 lower total HEI score (P < 0.0001), 1.00 lower HEI score for empty calorie intake (P = 0.0028), 0.15 lower score for vegetable intake (P = 0.108), and 0.29 lower score for fruit intake; under-rating one's diet quality was associated with a 7.12 higher total HEI score (P < 0.0001), 2.57 higher HEI score for empty calorie intake (P < 0.0001), 0.02 higher score for vegetable intake (P = 0.904), and 0.84 higher score for fruit intake (P = 0.001). Our multinomial regression estimates suggested that each 10-year increase in age was associated with an increase in the odds of being an over-rater vs. a correct-rater (OR: 11.4, 95% CI: 10.01, 10.2). Hispanics were more likely than non-Hispanic whites to over-rate their diet quality (OR: 1.792, 95% CI: 1.062, 3.024).
CONCLUSIONS
Tailored nutrition interventions and guidance aimed at reducing the divergence between self-assessed and actual diet quality have the potential to improve cancer survivorship and narrow racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities.
Topics: Adult; Cancer Survivors; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Energy Intake; Humans; Neoplasms; Nutrition Surveys
PubMed: 32242138
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0619-2 -
Nutrients Feb 2023Due to the lack of studies comparing the determinants of well-being in omnivores and vegetarians, we examined associations of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors,...
Due to the lack of studies comparing the determinants of well-being in omnivores and vegetarians, we examined associations of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, including adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet, in relation to well-being in omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan women. Well-being was assessed using a validated WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Adherence to the Mediterranean-style diet was determined using a modified Mediterranean diet score. The study was conducted on 636 women (23.9 ± 5.7 years), of whom 47.3% were omnivores, 33.2% vegetarians, and 19.5% vegans. The good well-being group (WHO-5 Index ≥ 13 points) comprised 30.9% of the omnivores, 46.0% of the vegetarians, and 57.3% of the vegans. The remaining participants were classified as belonging to the poor well-being group (<13 points). Compared to the omnivores, the vegetarians and vegans had a 1.6-fold (95% CI: 1.04-2.42) and a 2.4-fold (95% CI: 1.45-3.99) higher probability of having good well-being, respectively. In omnivores, the predictors of good well-being were adherence to the Mediterranean-style diet (a 1-score increment was associated with a 17% higher probability of good well-being, P-trend = 0.016), higher self-perceived health status, and lower levels of stress. In vegetarians and vegans, it was older age, higher physical activity (≥3 h/week), 7-8 h sleep time, and similarly to omnivores' higher self-perceived health status and lower stress level. Our findings indicate that following a Mediterranean-style diet was associated with better well-being in omnivores. Furthermore, we identified that different determinants were associated with well-being in omnivorous and vegetarian and vegan women.
Topics: Humans; Female; Vegans; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Vegetarian; Vegetarians; Diet, Vegan; Diet
PubMed: 36771431
DOI: 10.3390/nu15030725 -
Nutrients May 2023There are some concerns about the adequacy of vegetarian diets for pregnant women, infants, and young children because diets that exclude meat and other animal-based...
There are some concerns about the adequacy of vegetarian diets for pregnant women, infants, and young children because diets that exclude meat and other animal-based products increase the risk of nutrient deficiencies. The aim of the present study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of parents raising 12- to 36-month-old children on vegetarian diets and to evaluate the children's diets based on the recommendations formulated in the model food ration. The study involved a questionnaire survey that was completed by 326 women raising their children on various types of vegetarian diets and 198 women raising their children on an omnivorous diet. Mothers raising children on a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet had the highest nutritional knowledge scores (15.8 points on average), whereas control group mothers and women raising children on a vegan diet had the lowest nutritional knowledge scores (average of 13.6 points). Parents who raised their children on more restrictive vegetarian diets were more aware of the risk of nutritional deficiencies and administered dietary supplements more frequently. A vegetarian diet can be safe for young children, but parents should be educated about the risk of nutritional deficiencies and the principles of healthy nutrition regardless of the administered diet, and effective communication between parents, pediatricians, and dietitians should be the cornerstone of every nutritional strategy in the management of vegetarian children.
Topics: Animals; Female; Child; Humans; Pregnancy; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Diet, Vegan; Dietary Supplements; Parents; Malnutrition
PubMed: 37242126
DOI: 10.3390/nu15102244