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Public Health Nutrition Jan 2022The objectives were to describe changes in diet quality between off-reserve Indigenous and non-Indigenous children and youth from 2004 to 2015 and examine the...
OBJECTIVE
The objectives were to describe changes in diet quality between off-reserve Indigenous and non-Indigenous children and youth from 2004 to 2015 and examine the association between food security and diet quality.
DESIGN
We utilised a repeated cross-sectional design using both the 2004 and 2015 nutrition-focused Canadian Community Health Surveys, including 24-h dietary recall. Diet quality was estimated according to the Healthy Eating Index (HEI).
SETTING
The surveys were conducted off-reserve in Canada's ten provinces.
PARTICIPANTS
Our analysis included children and youth 2-17 years old (n 18 189). Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants were matched, and using a general linear model, we tested time period and (non-)Indigenous identifiers, including their interaction effect, as predictors of HEI.
RESULTS
Both Indigenous and non-Indigenous children and youth had significantly higher HEI scores in 2015 as compared to 2004. There was not a significant (non-)Indigenous and time period interaction effect, indicating the improvements in diet quality in 2015 were similar between both Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Improvements in diet quality are largely attributed to reductions in percentage energy from 'other' foods, though a disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children and youth persisted in 2015. Overall, food security was lower among the Indigenous population and positively, and independently, associated with diet quality overall, though this relationship differed between boys and girls.
CONCLUSIONS
School policies may have contributed to similar improvements in diet quality among Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. However, an in-depth sex and gender-based analysis of the relationship between food security and diet quality is required.
Topics: Adolescent; Canada; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Female; Food; Humans; Indigenous Canadians; Male
PubMed: 34108071
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980021002561 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Jul 2019Introduction: at present, it is precisely the Mediterranean countries whose characteristic lifestyle was recognized as a health paradigm and promoted to the rest of the... (Review)
Review
Introduction: at present, it is precisely the Mediterranean countries whose characteristic lifestyle was recognized as a health paradigm and promoted to the rest of the world, those who are at mostly at risk, in which it becomes necessary the immediate development of strategies based on education that may contribute to the adoption of a healthier diet and lifestyle. Objectives: to review the current dietary patterns in Spain, as well as its evolution in the last years. Methods: review of the studies that have been published in relation to the subject. Results: changes in the diet and lifestyle that have been introduced in recent years in Spain have led to a gradual decreased in the consumption of cereals and derivatives, potatoes and legumes, whereas an increase in the intake of meats and meat derivatives and non-alcoholic drinks has occurred. From the nutritional point of view, these trends resulted in an increase of the proportion of total fats (mainly saturated) and proteins (highly in those of animal origin) in the diet while complex carbohydrates have experienced a decrease (accompanied by a higher consumption of total sugars, including added ones). At the same time, the Spanish society should be considered as with a sedentary behavior. These facts have as one of the main negative consequences that Spain show one of the highest prevalence rates of childhood obesity in Europe, but also in adults. Conclusions: in this context, there is a need to promote the recovery of our culture (Mediterranean diet), and to return to feed and live according to patterns that have kept us protected during generations of many diseases. In fact, it should be important to try to answer the following question: If not so many years ago we had a food model that fulfilled all the recommendations of a healthy diet, which are the main barriers at present from returning to it?
Topics: Diet; Diet, Mediterranean; Energy Intake; Food; Food Preferences; Humans; Life Style; Nutrition Policy; Nutritive Value; Sedentary Behavior; Spain
PubMed: 31232580
DOI: 10.20960/nh.02685 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Dec 2021Diet quality indicators (DQIns) are tools that aim to assess an individual's overall diet quality. Previous reviews focused mainly on health-related outcomes but did not... (Review)
Review
Diet quality indicators (DQIns) are tools that aim to assess an individual's overall diet quality. Previous reviews focused mainly on health-related outcomes but did not provide detailed information about components, assessment variables, or important methodological issues for the development and application of DQIns in the pediatric age. The current mapping review aims to provide comprehensive guidance regarding DQIns developed through a priori methodology in children aged ≤14 y that have been applied worldwide. A mapping review was conducted, whereby 1665 original articles describing the development, modifications, and updates of DQIns, published up to June 26, 2020, in English and Spanish, were retrieved. A total of 139 articles were identified and classified into 13 subgroups. There were 10 overall DQIns: Healthy Eating Indexes (n = 25), Dietary Diversity Scores (n = 20), Diet Quality Indexes (n = 16), Food Variety Scores (n = 11), Healthy and Unhealthy Scores (n = 11), Feeding and Eating Indexes (n = 10), Diet Quality Scores (n = 5), Nutritional Adequacy and Micronutrients Indexes (n = 5), Dietary Guidelines Indexes (n = 5), and Other Healthy Diet Indexes (n = 13). Three additional subgroups of dietary and lifestyle indicators found were Mediterranean Diet Indexes (n = 10), Diet-Lifestyle Indexes (n = 5), and Breakfast Quality Indexes (n = 3). This compilation of DQIns will help researchers select the most appropriate tool for future epidemiological studies by considering a careful selection of information about the assessment components, scoring methods, and key methodological issues. The main limitations of this review are that, due to its nature, a risk-of-bias assessment was not performed and the article screening was completed in 2 databases (PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus). More research is needed to identify health-related outcomes associated with DQIns in the pediatric population, using clearer and more standardized methodological criteria.
Topics: Child; Diet; Diet Surveys; Diet, Healthy; Diet, Mediterranean; Eating; Humans; Quality Indicators, Health Care
PubMed: 34192740
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab053 -
BMC Geriatrics Sep 2023It remains unclear whether plant-based or animal-based dietary patterns are more beneficial for older adults more in maintaining muscle mass. Using a prospective cohort...
BACKGROUND
It remains unclear whether plant-based or animal-based dietary patterns are more beneficial for older adults more in maintaining muscle mass. Using a prospective cohort with nationwide sample of China older adults in this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between adhering to plant-based diet patterns or animal-based diet patterns and muscle loss.
METHODS
We included 2771 older adults (≥ 65 years) from the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey (CLHLS) with normal muscle mass at baseline (2011 and 2014 waves), which followed up into 2018. Plant-based dietary pattern scores and preference subgroups were constructed using 16 common animal-based and plant-based food frequencies. We used the corrected appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) prediction formula to assess muscle mass. We applied the Cox proportional hazard risk regression to explore associations between dietary patterns and low muscle mass (LMM).
RESULTS
During a mean of 4.1 years follow-up, 234 (8.4%) participants with normal muscle mass at baseline showed LMM. The plant-based dietary pattern reduced the risk of LMM by 5% (Hazard Ratios [HR]: 0.95, 95% confidence intervals [95%CI]: 0.92-0.97). In addition, a high plant-based food company with a high animal-based food intake pattern reduced the risk of LMM by 60% (HR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.240-0.661) and 73% (HR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.11-0.61) in the BADL disability and IADL disability population compared with a low plant-based food and high animal-based food intake, whereas a high plant-based food and low animal-based food intake was more beneficial in reducing the risk of LMM in the normal BADL functioning (HR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.90) and IADL functioning (HR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.28-0.91) population.
CONCLUSIONS
When it comes to maintaining muscle mass in older Chinese people with functional independence, a plant-based diet pattern is more beneficial and effective than the animal-based one. People with functional dependence may profit from a combination of plant-based and animal-based diets to minimize muscle loss.
Topics: Humans; Diet; East Asian People; Prospective Studies; Diet, Vegetarian; Aged; Muscular Atrophy; Functional Status; Muscle, Skeletal; Diet, High-Protein
PubMed: 37716958
DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04265-7 -
Public Health Nutrition Dec 2019To evaluate associations of demographic and socio-economic factors with diet quality among population subgroups in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H).
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate associations of demographic and socio-economic factors with diet quality among population subgroups in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H).
DESIGN
A cross-sectional analysis of 2017 B&H dietary survey data. Diet quality was assessed by the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) utilizing data from two non-consecutive 24 h diet recalls. Socio-economic variables were extracted from the 2015 B&H Household Budget Survey. Homogeneity of means across population subgroups was evaluated using multivariable regression.
SETTING
B&H population survey.
PARTICIPANTS
A population-based sample of 853 adults.
RESULTS
The mean PDQS was 15·8 (range 7-28 out of a possible 42 points). In general, Bosnian adults had low PDQS due to high intakes of refined grains, high-fat dairy and processed meats, and low intakes of whole grains, nuts and fish. The PDQS was significantly higher (P < 0·0001) among older individuals (17·0) compared with those in the youngest group (14·5), among individuals living in the central and northern regions (16·5) compared with those living in the south (15·1; P < 0·0001), and among people who are married/cohabitating (16·1) v. single (14·8; P = 0·02). In energy-adjusted models, socio-economic status (P = 0·04) and tertiles of household spending (P = 0·002) were inversely associated with the PDQS.
CONCLUSIONS
Diet quality in this population was low. Young and middle-aged individuals, singles and those living in the south had significantly lower quality diets compared with other subgroups. Public health action is needed to promote higher consumption of whole grains, nuts and fish, and a higher variety of fruits and vegetables.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Cross-Sectional Studies; Demography; Diet; Diet Surveys; Energy Intake; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritive Value; Nuts; Seafood; Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Population; Whole Grains; Young Adult
PubMed: 31397250
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980019001988 -
Nutrients Feb 2022The consumption of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) has diverse effects on health and is expected to have therapeutic value in neurological disorders,... (Review)
Review
The consumption of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) has diverse effects on health and is expected to have therapeutic value in neurological disorders, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Recent studies have shown that a ketogenic diet not only pronouncedly shifts the cellular metabolism to pseudo-starvation, but also exerts a variety of physiological functions on various organs through metabolites that act as energy substrates, signaling molecules, and epigenetic modifiers. In this review, we highlight the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms of a ketogenic diet and speculate on the significance of these functions in the context of the epigenome and microbiome. Unraveling the molecular basis of the bioactive effects of a ketogenic diet should provide solid evidence for its clinical application in a variety of diseases including cancer.
Topics: Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, High-Fat; Diet, Ketogenic; Humans; Microbiota; Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 35215432
DOI: 10.3390/nu14040782 -
Nutrients Feb 2021In recent years, an increasing interest in the influence of diet in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) led to the publication of several articles exploring... (Review)
Review
In recent years, an increasing interest in the influence of diet in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) led to the publication of several articles exploring the role of food/nutrients in both the risk of developing these conditions in normal subjects and the natural history of the disease in patients with established RMDs. Diet may be a possible facilitator of RMDs due to both the direct pro-inflammatory properties of some nutrients and the indirect action on insulin resistance, obesity and associated co-morbidities. A consistent body of research has been conducted in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while studies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are scarce and have been conducted mainly on experimental models of the disease. This review article aims to outline similarities and differences between RA and SLE based on the existing literature.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
PubMed: 33673487
DOI: 10.3390/nu13030772 -
Annali Di Igiene : Medicina Preventiva... 2023The prevalence of obesity and of other non-communicable diseases related to overnutrition is significantly increasing in the past few years. Policy makers are called to...
The prevalence of obesity and of other non-communicable diseases related to overnutrition is significantly increasing in the past few years. Policy makers are called to counteract this pandemic, orienting consumers towards a healthier and more sustainable diet. Most of the proposed initiatives are dedicated to the content of nutrients with "unfavourable" effects but, in fact, focusing the attention only or mainly on single foods or nutrients is not effective in decreasing the incidence/prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Whole dietary patterns play by far a more important role than specific dietary components in promoting health and modulating survival; and the adherence to eating patterns like the Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of non-communicable diseases. The challenge is therefore to be able to transmit information relating to a healthy eating pattern through positive messages in a few simple indications which in turn represent the nutritional, but also the socio-cultural, environmental and economic characteristics of a healthy and sustainable dietary model. The Mediterranean Diet is normally proposed through a graphic depiction that represents a pyramid which is a simple and effective representation but not of immediate impact. For this reason, we are proposing to adopt the "Sapienza Count-down for a Healthy and Sustainable Diet" that will integrate the pyramid with a more immediate approach.
Topics: Humans; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Diet, Mediterranean; Feeding Behavior; Noncommunicable Diseases; Obesity
PubMed: 36896954
DOI: 10.7416/ai.2023.2558 -
Nutrients Jun 2020We aimed to assess the effect of a high-quality diet on the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer and to evaluate the overall quality of our findings by searching... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
We aimed to assess the effect of a high-quality diet on the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer and to evaluate the overall quality of our findings by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and the references of related articles to February 2020. Two reviewers independently retrieved the data and performed the quality assessments. We defined the highest-quality diet as that with the lowest Diet Inflammatory Index category and the highest Mediterranean Diet Score category. Overall odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for upper gastrointestinal cancer risk comparing the highest- versus lowest-diet quality. A random-effects meta-analysis was then applied with Review Manager, and the quality of the overall findings was evaluated with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. The highest-quality diets were significantly associated with reduced risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers, achieving odds ratios of 0.59 (95% confidence interval: 0.48-0.72) for the Diet Inflammatory Index, pooling the findings from nine studies, and 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.61-0.88) for the Mediterranean Diet Score, pooling the findings from 11 studies. We observed a minimum of 69% heterogeneity in the pooled results. The pooled results were graded as low quality of evidence. Although it may be possible to offer evidence-based general dietary advice for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal cancers, the evidence is currently of insufficient quality to develop dietary recommendations.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Diet; Diet, Mediterranean; Female; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32585822
DOI: 10.3390/nu12061863 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023Vegan, vegetarian and low-carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diets can all offer several health benefits, if food choices are appropriate. In most studies examining their...
Vegan, vegetarian and low-carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diets can all offer several health benefits, if food choices are appropriate. In most studies examining their effects on systemic inflammation, participants were either overweight, on a weight loss programme or not matched for BMI, or had a pre-existing condition such as type 2 diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Little is known about the effects of dietary patterns on healthy and normal weight individuals. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess and directly compare inflammatory and intestinal permeability status in healthy participants following aforementioned or omnivore diet for at least 6 months. In this cross-sectional study, we measured the inflammatory biomarkers IL-6, TNF-α and CRP, and the markers of intestinal permeability LBP and zonulin, along with the analysis of lifestyle aspects, dietary intakes and physical activity, in 89 healthy participants. The groups were matched for sex, age and BMI. There were no differences in any of the measured parameters between the four groups and we found no strong correlations with dietary intakes. Using cluster analysis, participants were divided into eight clusters with more or less favourable inflammatory profiles; all clusters contained representatives of all patterns and all patterns were represented in each cluster. Significant differences between clusters were in the intake of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, ω-3/ω-6 ratio, phase angle and working two shifts. In healthy, normal-weight individuals, inflammatory status therefore does not depend on the dietary pattern itself, but is rather more complexly regulated and associated with dietary and non-dietary factors.
Topics: Humans; Diet, Vegetarian; Vegans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet, High-Fat; Healthy Volunteers; Diet; Vegetarians; Biomarkers; Permeability; Carbohydrates
PubMed: 37828090
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44233-0